Cognitive sciences

"Cognitive qualify the mental processes by which an organization acquires information on its environment and the draft to adjust its behavior. "(François Bresson).

cognitive sciences the study and the comprehension of the mechanisms aim at of thought (it , it calculation or it reasoning for example). That includes the study and the modeling of the knowledge and ofintelligence. Cognitive sciences thus try to better include/understand the nature and the structure of the mental activities by holding account jointly data resulting from other fields.

Cognitive sciences are a very vast interdisciplinary field whose relations with the other fields must be based on the debate. Thus, it is generally considered that cognitive sciences are consisted , , it, , neurobiology primarily. It is estimated today that they exceeded the simple stage of a disciplinary accumulation and gave rise to one science of cognition, in which the specialists knowledge engineers are brought together by learned societies and publish in international reviews transdisciplinaires, like with an industrial applicatif sector of the field of the engineering of knowledge: cognitic. Cognitive sciences have today, thanks to this broad federation of disciplines and with their integration, the ambition and the will to study to apprehend and include/understand the various cerebral processes of cognition such as the memory, the reasoning, the language, perception, the training, but also conscience and more generally the human spirit. Lastly, cognitive sciences are regarded as interdependent exact sciences because they often use scientific methods of simulation and modeling on the basis of experimental results suggested by, cognitive psychology, statistics and it.

Synopsis

Generative grammar of Chomsky

Chomsky revolutionized formal linguistics while proposing, in the place distributionnalism of Bloomfield, that the language is generalizable in terms of rewriting rules able to generate all the grammatical sentences except for the sentences agrammaticales, those would testify to our competence, our innate know-how on the language. These rewriting rules are a whole of syntagms having the same structure, according to Theory X Bars, all syntagm rewrites itself in a specifior of syntagm followed of his head of syntagm followed of its complement. One can assimilate his theory to the operation of Prolog because for Chomsky the task of the linguist is to distinguish the input acquired since the birth from universal grammar (P?SNSV) of the output which makes it possible to check the sentences. With regard to linguistic universals, the rewriting rules like some points shared by all the languages the such opposition masculin/féminin, animé/inanimé as all the syntactic structure would be genetic. The goal of the generative grammar being to replace the concept of close-cropped table to the birth of his/her colleague of Harvard, Skinner, which Chomsky calls tenderly psycholinguistics SR. The idea is profitable but dangerous because itinneism did not have the same history in Europe and in the United States: in Europe, it is what justified the medical experiments at the time ofHitler, which was condemned by , whereas in the United States, this part of the history is ignored, and it gave place to research where Chomsky complémentarise competence (to know implicit on the grammaticality of a sentence and the coherent use of its own language to the performance, individual use of the language called act of language obeying rules of creativity phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic). From where enormous progress in didactic of the languages, and into didactic in the United States.

The perceptron of Selfridge

directed graphs perceptron are balanced by values of entry called weight. There will be answer if the sum of the entries multiplied by the weights reaches a minimal threshold of activation (when there is an answer, one calls it PPSE, if not PPSI, E for excitation and I for inhibition). Until the end of the Sixties much of authors assimilated them a little quickly to truths neurons because of their round form with a tail and owing to the fact that the authors who invented it (Selfridge, Lettvin...) completely took again the terminology presented in synapse and synaptic transmission.

These automats are often called formal. (cf Formal neuron)

The term is not so abusive besides, because the article founder of J. Y. Lettvin, H. R. Maturana, W. S. McCulloch and W. H. Pitts, What the frog' S eye tells the frog' S brain,, Proc. ANGER 47 (1959) 1940 -- 1951, included in Embodiments of Mind of Warren S. McCulloch (MIT Press, 1965) mentions a completely comparable operation of the neurons of retina in the clamping plate; it should nevertheless be remembered permanently that it is only one metaphor convenient which is just used to help the reflexion. The term of networks neuromimetic is sometimes preferred.

The psycholinguistics of Jakobson

Jakobson was the first linguist to describe cases ofaphasias and of dyslexias. Since it is the pathology of the language and the neurolinguistique one which endeavours to include/understand the mechanisms of the language as a social heritage requiring of the mnemic bases. Today it is known that there are mnemic centers of the word and language thanks to Wernicke and Broca but its treatment brings into play an agreement between the two hemispheres of the brain, it left which are occupied of the sound and the right which is occupied of the direction, these functions are sometimes reversed in the left-handeds person.

Memories of Baddeley

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch introduce the Model of memory of work in order to replace the theory of short-term memory at the man who is made up of a system of control of the attention supervising and coordinating two systems auxiliary slaves: the articulatory loop and the visuo-space note-book. One distinguishes the mechanisms from storage of those of recovery and the memory opens in a range of memories recutting the ones the others: memory visual, auditive, gustatory, tactile, autobiographical, semantic, noetic, episodical, procedural, declaratory, of the accounts, for the training, etc.. all these memories being controls by processes of car-repetition internal.

In cognitive psychology, one can test these two subsystems slaves. The articulatory loop by a test of empan which consists in repeating an increasingly long list of figures. And for the visuo-space note-book it is the same principle by using blocks laid out on a board and by showing the same succession of blocks.

The formal logic of Frege

Frege revolutionize traditional logic by introducing the concept of denotation in its article Feel and Denotation (Sinn und Bedeutung). The star direction "of the morning" (A) is different from that of "evening star" (b) since their achievements accoustics or signitives differ: "the difference in direction corresponds to a difference of the mode of donation of the indicated object" nevertheless they indicate same reality: the Venus planet from where (A) = (b) has a value of knowledge because it is not tous.les.jours which one discovers that a star is a planet. Thus cit. "evening star" and "the star denotation" of the morning "would be the same one, but their direction would be different". What made it possible to bring up to date the sign of Saussure which refused to allot the reference to the world to it. It introduced the quantification into formal logic. The universal quantifier is opposed: "All the men are mortals" with the existential quantifier "He exists at least a mortal man". It founded it calculation of the predicates. That without counting that it was the first to discover it language of the bees from where its influence in .

See too

Sciences of the language

Cognitive psychology

Artificial intelligence

Philosophy

Reflexions on Science

Theories

Bonds


Theory of knowledge

· Conscience · · Dialectical · Empiricism · · Space · Imagination · Judgement · · Logic · Memory · · Thought · Phenomenology · Philosophy of the language · Cognitive psychology · Reason · Rationalism · Reality · Science · Cognitive sciences · · Truth

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