Sect

The word in its rigorous definition indicates is a whole of people professing the same philosophical doctrines, chocolate éclair, etc. that is to say a more or less important group of believing which was detached from the official teaching of a Church and which has their own doctrines, their own rites.

The word sect is also a polemical term, who indicates a group or an organization generally with connotation chocolate éclair of which practices of behavior even of financial management, are judged opaque and even canted. Generally the persons in charge for these groups are shown to persecute them freedoms individual within the group and, moreover, are famous for to handle mentally their disciples in order to adapt their goods, to maintain them under control etc.

This denomination takes a negative connotation here. Various spiritual organizations applicant being prone to the mistake and the amalgam, refuse to be indicated thus and prefer name: " new religion ".

Synopsis

Definitions

Etymological

At the origin, one sect (of Latin secta, derived from the verb sequi, "to follow", or, according to certain etymologists, of Latin sectare, "to cross", in opposition to religion, who could come from Latin religare, "to connect") indicated is a subbranch of one religion recognized and established well, that is to say a group of people who gather around a Master of thought. It is in this direction that one can speak about sect for the groupings resulting from Buddhism, hindouism, shinto or of taoism. But as much these religions always were more or less opened with dissidence, as much it Christianity, wanting to be by nature universal, A a long time fought: in the catholic countries, the term of sect thus always had one connotation negative.

Certain great current religions were at the origin of the sects of older religions and established already well. Thus, Christianity initially developed like a sect within Judaism, it took again a part of the lesson. Nevertheless, these religions acquired with the wire of time a great number of followers and consequently an important official recognition.

The Greek equivalent of secta Latin is hairesis (choice, preference for one doctrines). One heresy is initially a school of thought. The garden ofÉpicure was such hairesis. Antiquity do not attach a pejorative value in these terms. Thereafter, the association of some of these doctrines to the political power (with Constantin Ier for example) will give birth to the concept oforthodoxy and, consequently, ofheterodoxy. Would the religion be only the sect of the king? It is what certain authors affirm.

Sociological

With XIXE century, sociologists Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch define the sect as a religious grouping extremist, intransigent and in rupture with the company. The Church is then the social alternative of the religion which takes its place in the medium of the profane institutions.

Some consider that this definition, who will perdura until the end of XXE century, is today unsuited to the modern changes of direction which the word took sect. The polemic on the subject do not facilitate the agreement on the direction of the word and thus its definition. Under these conditions, the sociological definition is still considered by certain intellectuals the best.

In this sociological definition, the rupture between the sect and the company is fundamental. This rupture is practically always regarded as a damage, who according to points of view's will be charged to the members of the sect or on the contrary at the company. Who says damage says remuneration, with there still of variable interpretations: prevention and right punishment for the ones, persecution for the others. The business can degenerate into open conflict and civil war.

Thus it Protestantism was regarded a long time as one heresy byCatholic church and a great repression of its members involved with Rebirth, who will lead to long wars in Europe (civil wars in France and Germany, war between country of different religion) and the massacres, in particular at the time of the night which followed Saint-Barthélemy, August 24 1572 or at the time of the catch of Magdeburg. A few centuries earlier, persecutions ofEnquiry catholic had been even stronger against what was called the heresy cathare.

Modern

In years 1980 and following many scandals (collective suicides, politico-financial businesses, infringements with the fair labor standards act, illegal exercise of medicine, etc.), the term sect took strong connotation pejorative, becoming synonymous with group totalitarian and dangerous, or in any case, of system alienating and forcing its followers to place itself in position of rupture with the company and its standards.

Movements of fight against the sects like the Association of defense of the families and the individual (ADFI) and the Resource centre, of education and action against mental handling, or Roger Ikor Centers (CCMM) tested with more or less success, to define criteria of organization and practices which would make it possible to arrange according to them groupings in the modern category of the sects.

Criteria

Here some criteria:

  • mental handling of the followers;
  • centralization of the capacity to the hands of a person with charismatic authority, for example one guru, or of a restricted college of leaders;
  • pyramidal organization;
  • extortion of money;
  • doctrines being presented in the form of exclusive,


Moreover, some add other criteria to it, perhaps less widespread:

  • control medium: attempt at control of the sources of information and the external social interactions of the members, encouragements to stop the relations with any external person;
  • infallibility and crowned doctrines: presentation of the ideas of the grouping like the single truth and the only access to the hello, dissuasion from any reflexion criticizes on the doctrines;
  • canted mysticism: bringings together between events and supernatural causes;
  • purity: reference to an unattainable ideal which regulates the acts of the members by bringing them to always more effort;
  • authoritarianism: to be able extremely of the guru and worship of the personality;
  • secret doctrines (esotericism): secret lesson whose disclosure in the external world is strictly prohibited;
  • elitism (esotericism): development of the members like superiors;
  • brimades andor confession forced in the event of violation of the laid down rules;
  • banishment: prohibition of any contact with former followers (concept similar toexcommunication).
  • dogmatic obligation, for the followers, to maltreat their own children (prohibition of festivals, corporal punishments, etc.)

This difficulty led the French government to make this development at the time of annual Conference on the Humans right:

"the list of the sectarian movements included/understood in a French parliamentary report/ratio of 1995 [...] is a parliamentary working paper. In other words, it does not have any legal authenticity [...]. Certain local authorities could however refer to this list to take the administrative measurements - all cancelled by the courts. The French government gets busy to sensitize the wheels of the administration so that the list of the sectarian movements is recognized for what it is: a parliamentary working paper which cannot be used as base with a measurement."(September 12, 2002, Annual conference on the Humans right of the SOEC in Warsaw, during the Session of work number 7, concerning fundamental Freedoms: Freedom of thought, of conscience, of religion and belief).

Dispute and critical

These criteria do not achieve the unanimity and do not apply in their totality to all the movements considered as sectarian. Moreover, they are not the only criteria making it possible to qualify an organization of sect. It appears indeed that the relative innovation of a religious grouping, its small size and its shift compared to the established standards are not foreign with the denomination of sect of an organization.

One studies today more the behavior of the group with respect to his members that the precepts of the group in itself. One thus comes from there to speak about sect for groups which do not claim a religion.

In English, employment independent of two different words makes it possible to raise a part of the ambiguity of the French term. tends to correspond to the etymological definition (as for sects Protestant women who then has hardly negative range), whereas tends to correspond to the sociological definition of the French term sect (as for cargo liner cult or worships of the cargo liner who describe a sect pejoratively illuminated).

Attitudes with respect to the sects

Polemic

Movements fighting against the sects

The movements anti-sects perceive in the sects a danger to the individuals and the company. They seek to entreat it by information and the legal action on these groupings and while carrying felt sorry for in justice with the need. According to this point of view aiming at protecting the citizen "a sect is a totalitarian group which separates from the company and is opposed to it" [ 1 ]. They consider that inherent mental handling in such groups involves a destruction of the person on the physique plans, psychic, intellectual, relational, monk, philosophical, teaching, associative, policy andor social.

In addition these movements worry about the threat of totalitarianism on the company which the sects make weigh, estimating that which believes to hold the truth will not give up any means to impose it, the more so as certain sects obtained powerful financial means which they would have obtained by making pressure on their followers, and would not deprive themselves to infiltrate centers of the economic capacity, policy and legal.

Some even estimate that, nowadays, world safety itself is assigned, as at the time of the wars of religion, and that the combat between sects and religions including/understanding of the sectarian groups reached the planetary level. They also note that the American government was allowed several times to intervene in the businesses of European countries which are defended juridically against the influence of the sects, whereas those profit in the United States from benevolent supports.

Associations anti-sects support that certain scientists and sociologists minimize in a way deliberated the dangerosity on sects such asChurch of Scientology, the Family (ex Children of God), Church of the Unification (Moon), Supreme Aum truth by means of obliging studies of which it was shown for some of them that they had been financed by the movements which they claimed to study. Also they denounce misses they objectivity and introduce these sociologists as as many apologists of the sectarian cause.

Defenders of the sects

The defenders of the sects very quickly pass on these aspects considered devastators through their opponents and seek to present the sects in victims of persecutions. They affirm with authority that the campaign conducted by their adversaries is a "hunting for the witches", one enquiry modern against spirituality and freedom to think. According to them, the thought anti-sects is the rationalization of a subjacent intolerance which would handle the public opinion on the basis of testimony of ex-members with an aim of causing a climate of fear.

Moreover, they support that the advanced criteria to detect the sects (mental handling, centralization of the capacity, etc.) are too fuzzy, that they apply to the quasi totality of the organized groups, including the most recognized religions but also of the groups considered as nonmonk: company, club sportsmen, etc, and that consequently denomination of sect is purely arbitrary.

According to them, the attacks of the anti-sects rest on the setting with the index of the movements taken for target. They estimate that defamatory campaigns are often undertaken to try to discredit these movements without any respect for the truth. One their targets is itUNADFI, relaying according to them extremely serious errors on the sects, in particular on the paedophilia, their testimonys being judged faked.

Because of the pejoration which was associated with the word sect, the defenders of the sects as well as the organizations concerned (federate for some) prefer name to him, according to them more neutral and respectful, of " new religious movement ".

It is interesting to pour with the debate the revelations appeared at the time of a complaint against the president of the parliamentary board of inquiry on the sects, the deputy PS [ Left socialist ] Jacques Guyard, in front of the court of Paris, in March 2000. The newspaper the World pays (Thursday March 23, 2000) that "work of the parliamentary board of inquiry would not constitute a" serious investigation "", that "the court of Paris estimated that M. Guyard was not able "not to justify of a serious investigation" in support of its charges ", that M. Guyard "A many times refers to" the secret "character of the work of the parliamentary commitee", and that "the contradictory character of the diligentées investigations was summarized exclusively with the sending of a questionnaire to an about sixty movements considered as sectarian". Moreover, "the judges estimated that the damage of the civil parts was" important (...) since the defamatory remarks had been made by a deputy, chair commission, whose authority and competence could not be questioned by the public "".

Operation of the polemic

The greatest part of the polemic around the term sect have their source in the variability of what it names. One can observe, according to the people who use it:

  • the etymological direction: the new branch of a religion installed,
  • the negative direction extremely: any organization, including secret societies, having been condemned for damage on its mentally handled followers,
  • the wide negative direction: any organization suspected to exert a mental handling on its followers in order to exploit them,
  • the direction of `' ' religion which débute' '', with its system of beliefs or its philosophy original, and of the followers apparently not mentally handled.

On the basis of the principle that they are mainly the two directions with negative connotation which is adopted by the population, enemies of religions tend to minimize any difference between the term sect and the term religion, by adopting the direction religion which begins. On the other hand, the defenders of the great religions rather tend to adopt the direction negative wide, to indicate by sect all the movements which they consider dangerous. As for them, the defenders of spiritual freedoms prefer to limit it to the direction negative extremely starting from objective criteria of damage on individuals, in order to prevent that denomination sect do not involve an unjustified mistrust with respect to religious or philosophical groups where obviously there is not mental handling in operation.

These various positions come primarily from the concept of mental handling, difficult to identify and, more particularly, to distinguish from the "religious" endoctrination.

Scandals around the sects

Certain sects defrayed the chronicle enters 1978 and 1997. Massive death sectarian members of groups deeply shocked the public opinion, more especially as some of the victims were children. Theses of collective suicides were sometimes called into question by investigations. Outstanding facts:

  • November 18 1978 : 914 followers of Temple of the People (People' S Temple), including 260 children, die by absorption of poison at the time of a collective suicide in their temple of Jonestown with Guyana ;
  • September 19 1985 : 60 followers of Datu Mangayanon commit suicide with Mindanao with The Philippines ;
  • 1er September 1986 : 7 followers ofChurch of the friends of the truth commit suicide with Wokayama with Japan ;
  • August 28 1987 : 32 followers of Park Soon Ja commit suicide with Seoul in South Korea ;
  • 1993 : 72 followers davidiens die in the fire of their farm of Waco with Texas whereas the police force had besieged them for several weeks. Although the official version explains this event by a collective suicide, a certain blur persists on these facts: the fire was declared during the attack of the police force, and the FBI admitted to have used explosive grenades;
  • October 4 1994 : 53 followers ofOrder of the solar Temple (whose 16 children) are found died, committed suicide or assassinated, in Switzerland ;
  • 1995 : the spiritual chief of Knights of the gold Lotus, Gilbert Bourdin, is put in examination following charges of "rapes and sexual aggressions" on a ex-follower;
  • March 20 1995 : the attack with gas sarin perpetrated by members of Aum Shinrikyo in the subway of Tokyo fact 12 died and more than 5 000 wounded;
  • December 23 1995 : 16 followers of the Order of the solar Temple, among which 3 children, are found carbonized in Vercors in France. The hesitation between suicide and assassination persists. The deputy Jean-Pierre Brard affirm: "It is clear, there was not suicide, but assassination. " [ 2 ] ;
  • March 24 1997 : 5 followers of the Order of the solar Temple are found died with Quebec.

Critical of the sects by media and associations

Multiplication of the scandals related to certain sects, in particular businesses of collective suicides or aggressions sexual, important involved mediatization phenomenon, interpreted by the defenders of the sects like some sensationnalism in order to better impregnate a public opinion.

The strong mediatization of the "sectarian phenomenon" could result in amalgamating between them organizations with the aspirations however very different. Thus, by the same generic term of "sect", one indicated as many the criminal groups, dangerous, paedophiles, totalitarian that new religious groupings, esoteric or simply eccentrics (in shift with the company) which were never guilty such crimes.
That is explained according to detractors' of the sects, by the contents of the modern definition. If this mediatization caused to clarify of the abuses within certain groupings, they were sometimes very prejudicial to people or organizations. Thus, the freedom of worship and freedom of conscience however guaranteed by Universal declaration of the humans right, was sometimes ridiculed.
According to the defenders of the sects, following their membership of groupings considered as sectarian, certain people were laid off, saw themselves refusing the guard of a child or saw their commercial contracts being broken [ 3 ]. The example of the French singer Sylvie Mestre, said Nayah, is rather representative of the weight of the media and climate of mistrust with respect to the sects which reigned at the time. Whereas this singer knew a rise which made it indicate in 1999 like representing France with the contest ofEurovision, its bonds with the organization raëlienne reflect a premature term with its career. Pressures on its producers, exerted by associations of fight against the sects primarily, were such as after the cancellation of televised passages and concerts, its contracts were finally broken.

Governmental fight counters the sects

According to their own definition of the sect term and organizations classified like sects in their country, the governments set up processes of fight against some practise and certain organizations.

In Europe

France, Belgium and itGermany joined together commissions whose work has inter alia licence to draw up several lists of sects. The French government charged a Commission ofNational Parliament to inquire into the sectarian phenomenon.

February 7 2000, Interdepartmental mission of fight against the sects (MILLETS) his first report/ratio publishes and concludes that it is necessary "to reinforce the prevention and the repression of the sectarian movements attacking the humans right and with fundamental freedoms". Following this report/ratio drawing up a list of sects and in spite of the protests of those, law Butt-Picardy on the sectarian movements is adopted in 2001. Inter alia, a "offence of mental handling" is created.

France has a network very effective and specialized in the fight anti-sects, charged with disseminating information near all the ministries (police force, justice, national education, youth and sports, etc.). Correspondents MILLETS are present in each ministry, charged with centralizing information, to inform, to form and fight against the infiltration of the sects within the bodies of command of the Republic. Their work consists in learning how "to identify the attempts at proselytism" and to sanction any drift. However the French government seems to have started changes on the manner of allotting the label of sect on spiritual movements. The Millets dissolved and was initially replaced by Miviludes. -"L' action taken by the Government is dictated by the concern of reconciling the fight against the intrigues of certain groups, who exploit subjection, physics or psychological, in which are placed their members, with the respect of public freedoms and principle of secularity.The experiment showed that a step consisting, for the authorities, to describe as "sect" such or such grouping and to base their action on this only qualification would not make it possible to ensure this conciliation effectively and to firmly found in right the initiatives taken."a governmental circular of May 27, 2005 called into question the conclusions of the parliamentary reports by affirming that the fact of drawing up lists of sects was not relevant, and which more is against the respect of freedoms and with the principle of secularity. The monitoring of the groups potentially at the risk is naturally maintained, even reinforced, but the hasty amalgams between basically independent groups are not encouraged any more. In Belgium, such a test is subjected to a violent controversy at the Parliament which must give up publishing such a list but which publishes a detailed report [ 4 ].

In Switzerland, the Federal Council is kept of any amalgam between groups "without bond between them" and is prevailed that "the freedom of conscience and belief as well as the right of association are rights anchored in the federal Constitution" [ 5 ].

Judicial actions

September 6 2001, the giant statue of the spiritual chief of Knights of the gold Lotus, Gilbert Bourdin, is cut down on order of justice, the lawsuit relating to the permit building.

Movement raëlien decide its own dissolution then, speaking about "discrimination". Before disappearing, it encourages the French to vote for Jean-Marie The PEN so that France has "a mode harmonizes some with its policy liberticide", but also "because, in the event of success of the PEN, a revolution is possible which could bring to Géniocratie " [ 6 ].

Justice also tackledChurch of Scientology who loses a lawsuit following the abusive use of names of ex-members in a computer file. It is also put in examination as a legal entity for "swindle in organized band".

The governmental fight against the sects also passes by the information and the publication of reports/ratios describing the practices of unquestionable sects.

In China

The government Chinese entered in conflict with an organization known under the name of Shelly sand Gong. It was perceived by the Chinese authorities like a threat against the political supremacy of Chinese Communist Party. The authorities prohibited this organization by denouncing it like a sect. The Shelly sand Gong retorted under the impulse of its leader, Li Hongzhi, today taken refuge in the United States, by massive and peaceful demonstrations of opposition of civil disobedience. The wild repression which followed led to the arrest of many members of the Shelly sand Gong, with summary lawsuits with the arbitrary judgements which showed the internment in camps of work, even with death sentences for some of them. To justify their position, the Chinese authorities explain why the Shelly sand Gong would make run serious risks to the health of its followers and that it would encourage even its members to commit suicide by immolation by fire.

The Shelly sand Gong always denied to have, in some form that it is, pushed its followers with the suicide and states to condemn such actions. Organizations of defense of the Humans right observed that it was not shown that the "suicides" in question were not in fact of the settings in fatal scenes assembled by the services of Chinese safety with an aim of discrediting the Shelly sand Gong with the eyes of the world public opinion. They underline finally that many cases of tortures inflicted to the followers at the time of their imprisonment were brought to their attention.

In France, the position of associations of fight against the sects remains careful and they observe that they never received significant complaints relative to this organization. However certain personalities took initiatives, disputed by the defenders of the sects, and which was interpreted like giving a form of guarantee to the policy of repression of the Chinese government against Shelly sand Gong. It is in particular the case of visit of Alain Vivien in China - on official invitation of the Chinese government and whereas he was a president of the MILLETS - brought back in these terms by Bulletin of CCMM from December 2000 :

" France is often quoted in example because of the extent and the coherence of measurements taken to answer the sectarian threat. French representatives, among which Alain Vivien, invited to the symposium received a cordial reception and is the subject of a particularly attentive listening. "

Handing-over in question

A debate for a long time opposes those which think that, vis-a-vis with the movements considered as sectarian and dangerous, the authority must intervene to protect the citizens and, other side, those which estimate that the State does not have the right of enfreindre freedoms of religion and association of the citizens. It is the opinion that it expresses sociologist Canadian Daniel G. Hill:

"the company which appreciates its freedoms must agree not to always be able to protect those which voluntarily give up their independence, devote their goods to vain causes or engage in practices which are harmful for them. Where the questions of faith and association are in question, the individual who is really free is not only free to enjoy his choices but also to suffer from it. "(Quoted by J.F. Mayer in Sects news, a new glance, Stag, Paris, 1985.)

France drew up a list of sects in the parliamentary Commission Reports on the sects. This option was not without causing many criticisms sometimes virulent. It is with prudence that certain specialists accomodated it. Thus Mgr. Vernette worried that certain organizations in addition recognized by the Church, such itOpus Dei, can be classified like sects by the members of Parliament. In Belgium in particular, an attempt was carried out in this direction in 1996 by a parliamentary Commitee, but his Report/ratio was finally rejected by the Parliament in its almost totality, including the list of sects in appendix. Also Mgr. Vernette declared it about the list drawn up by this Belgian parliamentary Commission Report which it "comprised of similar abusive qualifications for certain groups pinned wrongfully like sects with all the disastrous consequences for their members and their activities, the list being largely published in the media. However none had been heard. None could obtain rehabilitation or new judgement, because no authority is recognized qualified to take again the file. The thing is serious in a state of right and one worries that it is likely to be renewed by another skew "(The catholic Church and sects). Mgr. Vernette is also the author of a dictionary of the new religious movements and sects who comprises 400 entries where the report/ratio of the French National Assembly mentions only 172 of them. The concern of certain catholic persons in charge and prudence for their reaction on the subject are mainly explained by fear to see classifying among the sects of the generally charismatic movements which however present obvious sectarian drifts in their centre.

Case of large religions

Some think that the "great religions" present sufficient criteria of eligibility of the sects to be classified among them. They evoke in particular the businesses of paedophilias around catholic priests and the cases of fanaticism Islamic and judaïc like elements supporting this thesis. Others insist on the presence of sects within the "great religions"; what does not return the "great religions" of the sects for as much.

However, others consider that the "great religions" cannot be comparable with the sects, in all or partly, because they are recognized, allowed and integrated into the company. To some extent, the regard in which the government of the country holds which them point of disjunction is guaranteeing of their qualification in sect or not and any investigation into the parts prohibits which could be sectarian except with diligentéebeing diligentée by the religious institution itself.

According to some their detractors, these religions (the catholic Church being often aimed more, according to catholics) would benefit from the climate of mistrust which exists against the sects to try to marginalize the groupings considered not orthodoxe and to point finger "drifts" of the faith.

According to certain defenders of the sects, the catholic Church even largely supported the rise of the movement anti-sects by transmitting to the ADFI its ideology, its knowledge and its techniques. According to Joel Labruyère (president of OMNIUM, considered near to scientology) in The State inquisitor, "it is thanks to their knowledge of the heresy in all its forms and because they profit from an international network of information that catholic priests could launch the business and put the foot at the clamp with the laic ones, in their delivering, turn-key, a small machine of war against the new heretics. It was simply enough to recycle the mechanism of persecutions in an assimilable form by the modern culture. The CCMM then laicized these concepts, allowing them to integrate very naturally the fields policy and media. It does not remain, unimaginable cruelty of the Holy Enquiry, that the "soft" techniques which consist in pointing finger the "heretics" in order to marginalize them, what is called well still commonly "hunting for the witches" [ see diabolisation]. The demons were replaced by " gurus "which is supposed to wash the brain of their" followers ", beforehand lobotomized. "

Andre Count-Sponville wrote in sound Dictionary of philosophy : "the sect, it is the Church of the other. "

François Cavanna, in an article of Charlie-Hebdo June 28 2000, retort: "a religion is a sect which succeeded. "

Appendices

Related articles

Practical

Qualified groups sects being the subject of an article on Wikipedia

See too New religious movement.

Foot-note: Christian science and itChurch of Jesus-Christ of the Saints of the Last Days are quoted like sects by the parliamentary report/ratio of the French National Assembly, but do not form part of the principal list (report/ratio of investigation n° 2468 of the French National Assembly). In connection with movements mentioned like "sects" in the report/ratio but not appearing in the list, the text of the report/ratio mentions: "But before, it is necessary to dissipate a possible misunderstanding: all movements spiritual others that the traditional religions and commonly called sects are not dangerous, like, for example, Baptists, Quakers or Mormons. Their role can even be, sometimes, regarded as very positive. (...) the commission thus took guard well to make an amalgam between all the existing spiritual groups. It considered that it was to be confined to examine the harmful effects caused by only the sects dangerous. And this, for better trying to release the means of fighting them. "(Source: report/ratio of investigation n° 2468 of the French National Assembly)

Historical sects

  • Nizârites, also known under the name ofAssassins.

External resources

Observatories of the religions

Point of view of defenders of the sects

Point of view of detractors of the sects

Official reports/ratios of investigation

France
Belgium

Bibliography

Books defending the movements known as sectarian

  • M. Introvigne (dir.), To finish some with the sects, CESNUR diGiovanni, 1996. [ 9 ]
  • Alain GARAY, Activism anti-sects of the assistance to the amalgam, Editions Edwin Mellen Press, 1999. [ 10 ]
  • J. Labruyère, The State inquisitor, Editions of the three mounts, 1999. [ 11 ]
  • Bernard Lempert, The return of intolerance, Sectarianism and drives out with the witches, Bayard editions, 2002 [ 12 ]
  • Laurent HINCKER, Sects, rumours and courts, the republic threatened by hunting for the witches?, editions the blue cloud, 2003 [ 13 ]
  • Christian Cotten, Maffia or Democracy, Louise Courteau Editor, 2003 [ 14 ]
  • Doctor Erick Dietrich and Stéphanie Griguer, It is Interdit To prohibit, Censure and Repression, Editor Jacques-Marie Laffon, 2005 [ 15 ]
  • Jean-Pierre Chantin, "Of the sects in contemporary France. 1905-2000. Religious disputes or innovations?", Privat Editor, 2004

Books opposed to the sects

  • Brigitte Mc Cann and Chantal Poirier "Rael, newspaper of one infiltrated "2004
  • M. Colinon, False prophets and sects of today, Plon, 1953, coll. Presences.
  • Sects: emergency state, CCMM, Albin Michel, 1995. ISBN 2226077111
  • J.M. Abgrall, The mechanics of the sects, Payot & Shores, 1996. ISBN 2228895059
  • Report/ratio of A. Gest in the name of the parliamentary commitee of investigation into the sects, French documentation, 1996.
  • Luca Nathalie and Lenoir Frederic, Sects, lies and ideals, Bayard editions, 1998.
  • With. Drogou, The dictionary of the sects, CCMM, Milan, 1998, coll. The essential ones.
  • Champion Francoise and Cohen Marine (under the direction of), Sects and democracy, Editions Threshold, 1999.
  • Pierre Henru, Louis Alloing, In the sect, éd. Limps with bubbles 2005. (comic strip - testimony of old a follower of the scientology) ISBN 2-84953-009-3


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