Al-Andalus

al-Andalus (???????) it is the name that the Muslims dettero to the part of from they controlled and governed. In spite of you follow yourself to repeat from more parts that the name al-Andalus (from which the geographic term comes ) drifts from an expected "Vandalusia" and you follow yourself to escape that a presence a lot fugace of Barbarians very difficultly could have marked along numerous centuries a part a lot important of Spain, the more authoritative studies have for a long time demonstrated that the all drift instead from the expression in language "Landahlauts", (land lotteries), "feudi" that is attributed to the noble ones visigoti. The Arabs simply affixed their determinative article "to" to the such word, originating adjective "al-Landahlautsiyya". The Arabic original expression was therefore "bilàd al-landahlautsiyya" (country of the feudi gotici) that it was simplified in "bilàd al-andalusiyya" and that originated the toponimo finally "al-Andalus" (cfr. Heinz Halm, "al-Andalus und Gothica Sors", in: Die Welt DES Orients, 66, 1989, p. 252 and segg.).

The Muslims began to carry out incursions on the visigotico Spanish territory to first of VIII the century d. C., leaving from their North African bases. According to the Arabic reports the first one to organize shipments aiming to pure and the simple one razzia would have been the muslim Berber Tarìf ibn Malik in the 710 but a shipment more impegnativa was that one of the Berber Tàriq ibn Ziyàd much who, have using of of the boats concessegli from bizantino Giuliano (than the legend wants was moved from desire to revenge the honor of the Florinda daughter, laid a trap from the monarch visigoto Roderigo), would be disembarked with 7 mila soldiers in the 711 (caught up soon from others 5 mila men) under the height who give to door its name then: the Jabal Tàriq (Gibilterra). The 19 July of that Tàriq year sbaragliò the army visigoto, the whose row fuono abandoned from Achila, whose Vitiza father had been placed from Roderigo. The Muslims did not meet greater resistances and in short time the more important cities of the Visigoti, comprised the understood one them , they passed under control of the Muslims who made use of the active sympathy of the Spanish Hebrew who had been hardly pursued to you from the Visigoti.

In june 712 the governor of the important Arab-Berber province of Ifriqiya (corruption of the Latin Africa province), it reached of person the head of others 18 elements and nel.giro.di a year - thanks to a series of agreed peace that they made to permanere in the property of noble visigoti and Latin-Iberian numerous theirs feudi - the southern part of the Peninsula was of all under control while the Christian element withdrew in the most inospita them regions of the Settentrione, to ridosso of the cantabrica chain.

Under-governatorato of al-Andalus it assisted to the dramatic institutional change to the head of without that the country knew serious episodes of social contrast equally, economic and spiritual. w?l? (governor) Y?suf ibn ' Abd al-Rahm?n al-Fihr? it was useful nevertheless for the institutional chaos that squassava the entire world Muslim in order to start one political of substantial autonomy and resisted to the pretension of ' Abd al-Rahm?n b. Mu'?wiya, saying al-D?khil, "the Immigrant", that it was escaped to the massacres perpetrated from the vincitori abbasidi and that it meant to recover for himself and its descendancys at least the far province Andalusian. In the crash that was had 15-5- the governor but was defeated and ' Abd al-Rahm?n al-D?khil it became the first one emiro independent they give , insediandosi in the Palace (from al-Qasr, "the Palace") of Cordova.

The son of ' Abd al-Rahm?n I, Hish?m I, succedette to the father in and, after it, was the turn of al-Hakam I. During the Emirato of its successor, al-Andalus it knew an imposing social and economic increase as well as how much cultural one. ' Abd al-Rahm?n II it created an atmosphere of court of all the similar one to that one abbaside (to its court they lived , ' Abb?s b. Firn?s and Yahya ibn al-Hakam, saying al-Ghazal (Gazzella) for its beauty), promoted the limbs and widened the architectonic committenza, deeply transforming the face of Cordova that set offed to become one of the more important city of the world Muslim and entire Europe. The comparison with the asturleonese reign continued with the maximum engagement with summery campaigns ( saifa ) and even winter that they penetrated in depth in the Christian teritori and al-Andalus it sended and it received diplomatic delegations of several countries, ivi comprised those of the staterelli North African with which it tried to maintain relations cordial, and of the same Empire bizantino that, in order to try ally to you against their adversaries abbasidi, sollecitòrapporti cordial with Cordova that of opposing fair remained.

That does not mean that the Emirato of ' Abd al-Rahm?n II did not meet difficulty, di.le which were constituted from a big wave of resistance of the Christian element more oltranzista that tried and obtained the martyrdom which it aspired with the so-called Martyrdoms of Cordova, while an other was represented from the invasion of Vichinghi that poor to iron and fire the coasts Andalusians penetrating through Guadalquivir (Wad? al-Kab?r, "the Great river") end nearly to Cordova. This induced al-Andalus to assume the burden financial of a naval shipbuilding imposing that will allow them to control the more western quadrant of and to strengthen the breeding of the horses that will allow to the armies of al-Andalus expressing one of the most efficient military cavalries than all the European Middle Ages.

After the emirato one of Muhammad I (852-886), al-Mundhir (886-888) and ' Abd Allah (888-912), it characterizes to you from armed comparisons more and more engaged to you with the Christians of same the Iberian settentrione and al-Andalus (rebellions of ' Umar ibn Hafsun and Ibn al-Jilliqi, "the son of the Galiziana"), taken to the power the grandson of ' Abd Allah, ' Abd al-Rahm?n III. With the "campaign of Monteleón" the Emiro conquered 70 piazzeforti Christian and 300 emplacements of minor importance. In the 917 it was defeated to Saint Esteban de Gormaz from the combined forces of the asturleonese king Ordoño II and of the monarch of Sancho Garcés I but the year after he taken one rivincita near Mitonia (North of the Catalogna) and in the 920 sbaragliava still Christian forces of the two king in goes them of the river Junquera (Sud-Est di Pamplona) and in the 924 hit the reign of Navarre plundering some the understood one them of , evacuated from all its inhabitants. In the 929 ' Abd al-Rahm?n III proclamava with the honourable name ( ) of al-N?sir them-d?n All?h (the winner for the religion of God). In that moment Muslim had therefore three caliphs: that one abbaside of Baghdad, that one of and that note Andalusian of Cordova.

The apogee of the Spanish caliphate omayyade was caught up probably from its son al-Hakam II, saying al-Mustansir bi-ll?h (That he tries a victorious aid of God), under which the understood one them Andalusian caught up the million inhabitants on an extensive area for 5 mila hectares, becoming therefore second city of the boreal hemisphere and the more important city of entire Europe ( it was the second city but it counted the 100 mila inhabitants with difficulty). The califfale Library had 400 mila volumes (many of which accommodating more of a job) and a private one of it had quite 500 mila. The city was equipped of efficient fognanti systems and the water reached also the high plans of the rooms. The mosques were the 700 and baths publics ( hammam|hamm?m ] ] ) 300. A public hospital existed for a long time that acted as from university for the doctors, whose abilities were notes and appreciated in all Europe.

After al-Hakam II it began the parabola descendant of the caliphate Andalusian but this did not prevent that a Grand Vizier the not common military and administrative dowries still realized enterprises worthy to be handed on to the posteri. Ibn Ab? '?mir, said Almanzor - corruption of its laqab of al-Mans?r (That it is rendered victorious [ from God ]) - conquered in fact in the 981, Simancas in the 983, in the 985 and same proud understood them asturleonese ones of León in the 986, after which the same symbol of Christian Spain was plundered in the 997, the sanctuary of , dedicated to the Saint Patrono of the Spain that the deprived of hope Christian will had nicknamed Matamoros in the conviction that to the rare victories against the Muslims had taken it leave the same Apostle.