Aristotle
Aristotle (384 - 3 AC - 7 March 322 AC) it was one of the greater ones .
Together to its master one of the most influential thinkers is considered of .
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Introduction
The three greater philosophers Greeks of the antiquity they were , and Aristotle.
This triade of masters and students transformed deeply previous the philosophical tradition, a lot that it comes called hour . Giacché Socrate did not leave written, the works that constitute the following base of the western tradition are those of its Platone student and those of Aristotle.
Their works, seppur connected for many aspects, differ deeply for style and contained. Platone wrote converses philosophical and some letters, while of Aristotle they are joints until we only deals to you, revolts to its school, Grammar school, and written probably like lessons for the students. News also of some is had converses written from Aristotle and assigns you to the publication, but of these some fragments have reached us only.
Between the more important works to reached we they can be numberedOrganon, that it collects the works of , Physics, the treaty On The Spirit, Metaphysics,Nicomachea Ethics, Politics, and Poetica.
It converses of Platone are taken care of several arguments, from the theory of the acquaintance to applied ethics, often introducing one synoptic vision of ethics, metaphysics, acquaintance and the life in a generalized manner. Various, in Aristotle it is possible to recover a sector vision of the knowledge, based on which every science independently studies from the others its object, to leave from its own principles and based on its particular method.
In Platone, moreover, dominant concepts are that the acquired acquaintance through the senses is confused and uncertain, while the true and stable acquaintance can itself be obtained through the reason directed to the Ideas that extend the physical world. The spirit can know the ideas, the pure, essential shapes, of which the objects in the physical world they are not that pales shadows. This type of acquaintance can be obtained in all the disciplines, from ethics to geometry. In a sure Platone sense one can be considered and idealist.
Aristotle, to the contrary, considered the acquired acquaintance through the senses of great value, and, above all in the zoologia works, he could quite be considered empiricist. For many aspects it can not be exaggerated to allegate that Aristotle placed the bases for the development, centuries after, of of search empiricist. Some students support moreover that, in the works whose method is not closely legacy to surveying empiricist (as an example in the field of ethics, the metaphysics and the general trattazione of physics), Aristotle would proceed essentially inquiring and discussing the common opinions, with one particular attention to the linguistica formulation of these. From this point of view, the aristotelian method would seem to anticipate that one of .
The life
Aristotle is born to Stagira, one city situated in Calcidica Peninsula, in the northern part of Greece, second Diogenes Laerzio in 384/3 AC, second other sources in 371 AC; of the two chronologies, those accepted from nearly all students are before.
Son of Nicomaco, personal doctor of Aminta III, king of , Aristotle remains orphaned in tender age and is entrusted to the cures of Prosseno di Atarneo. To the age of seventeen years (in 367 AC based on the chronology of Diogenes Laerzio, in 354 AC based on "the more low" chronology) it is moved to , in order to study in that it was one of the more prestigious schools of its time,Academy founded they give . In the period of permanence inAcademy, Aristotle becomes an teacher, holds of the course of dialectic rhetorical and and is probable that he dedicates myself also to the drawing up of some works.
In 348/7, year of the dead women of , in the moment in which the philosopher Speusippo it comes designated to happen to the master in the direction of the school, Aristotle abandons the Academy together to Senocrate. It has beginning therefore the period of the travels: Aristotle soggiorna before to Atarneo, near the Ermia tyrant, then to Mitilene, in the island of Lesbo; in this period dedication to the search and perhaps also to the instruction (second Jaeger it would have founded to Ace, together to the philosophers Senocrate, Erasto, Corisco one risen of branch ofAcademy).
In 343 AC, it comes called to Pella the understood one them of the reign of , near the court of Filippo, like tutor of the future king Alexander. In 335 AC/334 AC it returns to , where I found its school, Grammar school, to whose organization and direction will be dedicated for great part of the rest of its life. To the dead women of Alexander Magno (323 AC), a feeling antimacedone diffuses for all the cities of Greece. Of this feeling it makes expenses same Aristotle, that he comes sent back to judgment with the empietà accusation. With a various behavior from that holding opportunely they give , it escapes from Atene, in order to go to shelter itself to Calcide, inEubea, where it dies in 322 AC.
The works
For a complete directory of the works, it is looked at .
If the list of the titles is confronted present them in one whichever modern edition of works of Aristotle (all how many riconducibili to the edition of Bekker) with catalogue more antichi to our disposition (that present in Screw of the philosophers of Diogenes Laerzio and that one attributed to Esichio) us account becomes that the great part of the works known in the antiquity as aristotelian it has gone lost. Without to enter in the debate, ancient and more recent, on the issue, us it can be limited to allegate that, already to leave from the antichi commentators, Corpus Aristotelicum it was subdivided in two great groups of works: those essoteriche, above all it converses, destined to the publication (and, according to students like Jaeger, to lead back to the more ancient, essentially platonizzante phase, of the aristotelian thought); those esoteric, destined to the school, connected directly to the activity of instruction of Aristotle in Grammar school (like text books or perhaps as notes to leave from which Aristotle held the own lessons).
The history of these two groups of works is singular: in the first three centuries to.C, while the essoteriche works are read and known, of those esoteric ones not there is practically no trace; according to a tradition that oscillates between the history and the legend, these last ones would be remained hidden for various centuries: the first successor of Aristotle to the guide of Grammar school, Teofrasto, to own the dead women, in fact it would have left in inheritance the library of the school (containing also the works of the Master) to Neleo di Scepsi, in order to perhaps assure to these its succession like head of the school. The successor of Teofrasto, however, it was Stratone di Lampsaco and to that Neleo point it would have left Grammar school, carrying with himself the library. The works of Aristotle would be therefore passages in the hands of the eredi of Neleo and, second the tradition, for a sure period of time would be remained hidden in one wine cellar.
The tradition filler also that to fine of II the century to. C., a sure one Apellicone di Teo it would have acquired the works and of it first edition would have tried one. We know however that in86 AC, in the moment in which Silla Atene conquest, the works reach Rome and, at the hands of the grammarian Tirannione, they pass in the hands of Andronico di Rodi to which the sistemazione, the ordering must and before fundamental edition of the esoteric works of Aristotle (between I century AC and I century d.C.). The edition of Andronico and its spread determine, on one side, one rebirth of the aristotelismo in i first centuries d.C; of other part, gradually, it gives place to the oblivion of the essoteriche works, that they come forgotten and that today they are in wide part lost.
History and infuence of the aristotelian work
The celebre said of , that history of the philosophy it is a series of annotations to the work of Platone, could also be applied to the work of Aristotle, considering the number of antichi and modern commentaries to its works.
The history of the works of Aristotle from its dead women until it is somewhat dark. Legend wants that the personal library of Aristotle, included its manuscripts, was left its successor, Teofrasto, and that it was hidden in order to avoid seizure or destruction. The manuscripts riscoperti in 70 AC. It was Andronico di Rodi to write up and to publish the works. However in the intermediate period its works could not truly have been forgotten, giacché its school, Grammar school, it was always active.
The majority of the works of Aristotle has gone lost, some since the same antiquity. As an example it praises the eloquenza of converses of Aristotle, of which we do not have more some acquaintance.
In the late antiquity Aristotle nearly it disappeared from the stage. Christian philosophers, like they considered the Greek philosophy like one tradition pagana to avoid, superfluous in sight of the truth revealed from . In the fifth century Sant' Augustin it applied Platonic philosophy and neo-platonic in its , but one did not use of Aristotle. To the end of the century Boezio undertaken the translation of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks in Latin, inasmuch as the instruction of the Greek classic was declining in the West. Its translations and commentaries for centuries were the only source of acquaintance of the Greek philosophical tradition. In the meantime, the hostility of the church towards pagani thinkers persisted.
To the contrary, the works of Aristotle were diffuse in the Middle East during the caliphates Umayyadi and Abbasidi, and the philosopher Averrroe it wrote extended commentaries with regard to. In there was one true and own aristotelian rebirth in Christian Europe. Guglielmo from Moerbeke it integrated Greek and Arabic sources in order to obtain one Latin translation and it made use of the Aristotelian philosophy in its theology and therefore Aristotle infuenzò deeply the development of the philosophy in the late high and .
In fact of continuation the ideas of Aristotle became the dogmas of scholastic philosophy. They were exactly these dogmas to being refutes to you from the philosophers of the modern period, which and .
The Aristotelian theories on , in particular the so-called ones (of time, place and action), they influenced authors of dramas for centuries. Aristotle originally declared to describe as he was of fact Greek theatre, but its words were considered like prescription for a good drama.
Correlated voices
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