Acquaintance

acquaintance it is and of facts, or obtained through or (a posteriori), that is throughintrospection (a priori). The acquaintance isauto-conscience of the possession of information connected between of they, which, taken singularly, have an inferior value and usefullness.

"Acquaintance" is a term that she has means to you various to second of context, but that it has in some way to that to make however with the concepts of meant, , instruction, communication, rappresentazione, and mental stimulus.

The acquaintance is something of various from the simple information. Both nutrono of true affirmations, but the acquaintance is one particular information, equipped of one its usefullness. In it is often described like information associated to. The study of the acquaintance in philosophy is entrusted to (than experience or science is interested of the acquaintance as and therefore is oriented to the methods and the conditions of the acquaintance) and to gnoseologia (than it is found again in the classic philosophical tradition and regards the a priori problems of the acquaintance in universal sense).

One diffused acquaintance definition wants it like theory of the justification of of convictions. This definition, that it derives from the dialogue Teeteto, it places in Association of Bologna the importance of the conditions necessary, even if not sufficient, so that an affirmation can re-enter in the acquaintance.

A universal agreement does not exist on that it constitutes the acquaintance, certainty and the truth. Draft of issues still debated from the philosophers, the students of social sciences and from . a treaty "Of the certainty" has written - regarding aphorisms these concepts - that exactly inquires the relations between the acquaintance and the certainty. A branch of this surveying subsequently has become an entire branch, philosophy of the action.

Distinction between to know the thing and to know like

When as an example Mimma says: "the way of faster it is free style: draft to churn the legs to turn, muovendo to contempo the arms more or less in circle around the shoulder ", she has one proposizionale acquaintance of the swim and of like to swim in free style.

Instead, when Mimma acquires this proposizionale acquaintance through, it does not acquire to the contempo ability to swim: it arranges, sure, of one proposizionale acquaintance, but not of that one procedural, that is of the so-called one or . In a generalized manner, while it is easy to put in practical a sure one know-how (enough to execute the operations in issue), it is not equally easy to demonstrate to the validity of one merely proposizionale acquaintance.

It is looked at also Michael Polanyi and .

Short definition: The acquaintance is the ability to undertake one sure action that is, to second of the requirements, not to undertake it. In the case of Mimma, over brought back, she, after to be jumped in the swimming pool, it will begin to swim in the way that them is famous (that it will concur them not to drown). Viceversa, to jump in a swimming pool having read something on the swim, but without to know really the method, can be fatal. Of it it turns out that the acquaintance has to that to make with : it is opportune that Mimma knows to you in endured swimming pool after to have eaten?

Inferenziale acquaintance vs. factual acquaintance

The acquaintance can be inferenziale or factual. The second one is based onobservation directed; sure dose is not free from one of uncertainty, because of the possible ones errors of observation and interpretation, beyond that from possibility that i senses they can be tricks to you from one .

The inferenziale acquaintance instead is based on to leave they do not give a experience but from an acquired fact, or one ulterior inferenziale acquaintance, which as an example one . A such acquaintance can less be or verifiable through the observation or the experiment. As an example, all the relative acquaintance to it is of inferenziale type. The distinction between factual and inferenziale acquaintance is studied from semantic general.

The flow of the acquaintance

Through the experience, the observation and the inference, the individuals and the cultures obtain one always greater acquaintance. The way in which this acquaintance it is diffused from the uni to the others is examined from the theory of spread (anthropology). It explores the factors that carry the men to become aware, expert, and to adopt ideas and practical new.

The acquaintance in philosophy and the problem of the justification

For the greater part of the history of the philosophy the word "acquaintance" has represented the justification of one conviction like true, that is with absolute certainty. A conviction justified with a degree of hardly inferior certainty also came called "probable opinion". The philosophers often define the acquaintance like one true conviction, justified; like already brought back previously, the study of the acquaintance in philosophy is entrusted to (than experience or science is interested of the acquaintance as and therefore is oriented to the methods and the conditions of the acquaintance) and to gnoseologia (than it is found again in the classic philosophical tradition and regards the a priori problems of the acquaintance in universal sense).

but like making to show that our convictions constitute effectively one "acquaintance"? It is the justification is the evidence are characteristic epistemiche pertaining to nient' other that to the same conviction. In other words, they do not assert other that the conviction is true. It is therefore necessary to resort to other epistemiche characteristics. Instead of "conviction justified like true" or "evidently true conviction", it is possible to say that the acquaintance is "true conviction rationally" that is "conviction guaranteed for true". To fine ours, the existing differences between these various options are insignificant. The point is that, for being acquaintance, a conviction must possess some very determined epistemiche characteristics; it cannot be arbitrary, neither accidental neither irrazionale. theory of the justification draft in detail this aspect.

Skepticism

When the scientists or the philosophers ask themselves "Are truly possible to catch up the acquaintance?"they mean to say" Will be able to never justify enough our convictions from being able to call that "acquaintance"?"it follows us of philosophical skepticism often they answer "not". The philosophical skepticism is the perspective that it inquires critically if the acquaintance of the men is true; its follow to us support that it is not possible to obtain "a true" acquaintance, since the justification is not never of all the sure one. This position differs from scientific skepticism, that it is instead the perspective for which affirmation if is not possible to accept the veridicità of one after not to have experimented it.

Correlated voices

• Conviction

Bibliography

• Creath, Richard, "Induction and the Gettier Problem", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.LII, Not.2. June 1992.
• Feldman, Richard, "An Alleged Defect in Gettier Counterexamples", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 52 (1974): 68-69.
• Gettier, Edmund, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis 23 (1963): 121-23.
• Goldman, Alvin I., "Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge", Journal of Philosophy, 73.20 (1976), 771-791.
• Hetherington, Stephen, "Actually Knowing", The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.48, Not. 193. October 1998.
• Lehrer, Keith and Thomas D. Paxon, Jr., "Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief ", The Journal of Philosophy, 66.8 (1969), 225-237.
• Levi, Don S., "The Gettier Problem and the Parable of the Ten Coins", Philosophy, 70, 1995.
• Swain, Marshall, "Epistemic Defeasibility", American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.II, Not.I, January 1974.

External connections