Latin language

Latin (Latin language)
Spoken in:	Vatican City
Persons:	~
It classifies:	not in top 100
Linguistiche families:	Indo-European languages Italiche Latin
Official states
Countries:	Vatican City
Regulated they give:	Roman Catholic Church Latinitas Foundation
Classification
ISO 639-1
ISO 639-2	lat
SIL	LTN
Extracted in language
Universal declaration of the Rights of the Man - Art.1 {{{extracted}}}
It visits Wikipedia !
Language - Directory of the languages - Linguistica

Latin he sinks the own roots in the dialetto Indo-European spoken to Rome and in Lazio in first millenium to.C.. It is believed that it made part of one linguistica culture a time diffused on an area the much widest one, drastically reduced as a result of one more recent invasion than Indo-European people, that they carried in Italian peninsula italiche languages. Other residual ones of that ancient language are falisco, spoken in the territory about Falerii (today Civita Castellana), and considered a dialetto Latin with Etruscan and italiche infuences; and second some theories also venetico, the language of the so-called culture paleoveneta, and sicilian, one of the ancient languages of Sicily; but the issue is not shared from all.

The Latin acquired great importance with the expansion of the roman state, and in how much language official ofempire radicò in great part ofEurope and ofNorth Africa. All languages romanze they come down from the Latin, but words of Latin origin are often found also in many modern languages of other stocks: this because in the western world in order more than a millenium the Latin was frank language of the culture, of science and the international relationships, and as such it influenced on the several local languages; and when its function came less in this, it was assumed at first from French (in XVII century), language romanza, that as such it continued to promote the words of Latin origin in the other languages; and then, from the late one XIX century, fromEnglish, stock language German, but that heavy it had been ibridata with the French in Middle Ages (one says quite that today 80% of the English words derive from the Latin, for more through the French). In the meantime, as a result of the discovery ofAmerica and to politics colonial of the European states, the languages of western Europe, in which the Latin print he was therefore strong, they were then diffuse in great part of the world.

ecclesiastical Latin formally it remains the language of Roman Catholic Church still today, what that renders it language official of Vatican City. The Catholic Church has used the Latin like liturgica language until I conciliate Second Vatican. Moreover the Latin still is used (in a shape near Greek) for giving the names used in scientific classifications of the living beings.

The origins and the archaic age

Of the preistorico Latin (until III century to.C.) they above all remain traces in some citations of the authors and in registrations, that with with the comparazione with other analogous languages they concur one much partial reconstruction of it. Only fragments remain also of the literary witnesses more antichi, those of Livio Andronico, Nevio and Ennio, all going back ones to III the century to.C., datable therefore approximately five centuries after the mitologica foundation of Rome (according to Varrone happened in the 754 to.C.). The only exception is the commedie of Plauto, that they constitute therefore the main source for the study of the archaic language. With II century to.C. Latin literature it was developed, and above all with the work of Mark Porcio Catone the Censor nacque one prosa literary Latin. The language still had but one sure rudezza, and it was not lacking in dialectal influences.

The Latin classic

He was in The century to.C., with the social extension of the citizenship to the Italici and changes that derived some, that to Rome the worry rose for purity of the language. Also under the push of the Greek linguistica speculation, a process of regolarizzazione of the language set offed. In these times they bloomed well-read like Guide, that he was also political man (was he consul when there was the conspiracy of Catilina) and philosopher of value; or like Catullo and i poetae noui, that rivoluzionarono the poetica language. The writing was not ignota not even to ' rudi' condottieri like Cesar, that it was ammiratissimo for its smooth style, and of which two studied and appreciated works still remain: The Gaulish war (Gaulish beautiful Commentarii de) and The civil war (Beautiful Commentarii de ciuili). The times were by now mature because the Latin literature defied that Greek, that then it came considered unsurpassable. In the successive generation, under the principato one of Augusto, the greater poets of Rome bloomed: Orazio, that primeggiò in satira and in lyric, it emulated the lyric ones like Pindaro and Alceo, Virgilio, that it was distinguished in the kind bucolico, in didascalica poetry and inepica, it rivaled with Teocrito, Esiodo and quite Omero; and then still Ovid, master of the meter elegiaco, and in the prosa, Tito Livio, I emulate of Erodoto.

The period classic of the Latin language very is known: the Latin, to difference of the continuatori languages, language of type fundamentalally SOV is one (subject-object-verbo), with five oral declinations and four coniugazioni. The declination of the names has six cases, three directed (nominative case, accusativo, vocativo) and three indirect ones (genitivo, dative, ablative). Regarding the Indo-European it has lost locativo (that it survives in little formulas) and instrumental (completely lost). Also the oral way ottativo lost and therefore also you give medium (survivor to it partially in those said verbos placing) and duale. Moreover in the Latin the concept ofaspect it did not have great importance: it is the aorist that perfect the Indo-Europeans melted themselves in an only time, called from the Latin grammarians us perfectum. Instead it came conserved the original system of three kinds: male, feminine and neutral.

The Latin used one grafia derived from a western Greek alphabet. These were the letters: To B C D And F (g) H I K L M N Or P Q R S T V X (y) (z)

The G letter initially did not exist in Latin: one small consequence of this absence was remained also in the period classic in abbreviations "C."for Gaius and "Cn."for Gnaeus. The Latin G came created to half of III the century to. C. modifying sign C. Last the two letters came added to the end of the republican age in order to transcribe the grecismi that contained i fonemi /y/ and/z /, nonexistent in the Latin classic. The Latin alphabet in this period did not have the small letters, that you appeared much late, neither it had J and U, that they go back to Middle Ages and they came introduced in systematic way from Pierre de the Ramée.

This was the fonologico system of the Latin classic (between parenthesis quadrants allofoni) in SAMPA:

Vocal

:	y:		u:
I	Y	[ 1 ]	U
and:			or:

And		6	Or
		to:

Famous: [ 1 ] it is the so-called one sonus medius, pronounced probably like y Russian, that it gives account of oscillations like lubet/libet.

Dittonghi

ae [ 6E ]

oe [ OE] au [ 6U] ui [ UI] ei [ EI] eu [ EU](solo in grecismi) yi [ YI ] (only in grecismi) In Latin classic not there are true and own dittonghi form from one vocal asillabica ("semivocal") and one to you vocal sillabica (with the possibility ofïato), like in Italian and Spanish. They are all of the modulated long "vocal" type, like in English and Greek attic. However in some positions they can be had in the lower registries dittonghi than semivocalico type also in Latin: it is the case of so-called "the vocal ones in hiatus" that in the languages romanze has given to origins to palatali consonanti (nonexistent in Latin classic): as an example - eum in oleum and ium in basium. It is not probably the case of abietem (quadrisillabo in Latin) that in metric it appears sometimes like trisllabo with jod but that it constitutes the attack of the second one sillaba, closing before sillaba and rendering it long: therefore ab-je-te(m) and not * a-bie-te(m) as it would happen in the dittonghi semivocalici.

Consonanti

	Bilabial	Labiodentale	Dentale	Alveolar	Palatale	To veil	Labiovelare
Nasals	m	[ M ]	[ n ]	n		[ N ]
Occlusive	p b		t d			k g	[ k_w ] [ g_w ]
Fricative		f		s (z)
Vibrating				r
It vibrates to you				4
Lateral				l		[ 5 ]
Approximating					j		w

Notes: labiovelari they are/kw/ and/gw/ but often realized with an only one fono [ k_w ] and [ g_w ] with member it is to veil that labiale. [ 5 ] it is a consonsnte lateral to veil that it appears in determined positions. The nasals have the omorganico point of articulation to the successive consonante.

The imperial and late Latin

The important Latin divenne like official language ofRoman empire, used like frank language in particular in its western part. In that one it orients them, Greek he had always greater relief, much to become the official language ofRoman empire of East, or Empire bizantino, that it will last until 1453.

Also in imperial age important writers had themselves: between all they can be remembered Seneca, Lucano, Petronio, Quintiliano, Stazio, Giovenale, Svetonio. To here of the stilistiche differences, these authors, lived between I and II century, they maintained for the most invariata the classic literary language. Various they were the things in later age: in full load II century on one side nacque one literary cultural fashion that, scavalcando by now the augustei classics, it watched to the archaic latinità; and from the other, with authors like Apuleio, it began to acquire importance more and more gross Latin, the language speech that will become the base of odierne the languages derived from the Latin. In the late empire, next to authors more legacies to the classic tradition, like Ausonio and Claudiano, the great figures of the Fathers of the Church emerged like Tertulliano, Ambrogio, Girolamo and, above all, Augustin d' Ippona.

The medieval and humanistic Latin

Fallen the empire, the Latin still came used for centuries like only language written in the world that had been roman. In the papal chanceries of the king, in the roman curia, in the liturgy of Catholic church, in the production of the books the only language was the Latin; but more and more influenced corrupt and from the spoken language was a Latin more and more. In fact in the period most difficult to establish between the late empire and the high Middle Ages the gross Latin had begun to differ before giving origin to the protoromanzo and then to first it makes of those that they are puts into effect them to them Languages romanze (between which alsoItalian).

A reaction was had around to800 with rinascenza carolingia, when Carl Magno he re-united around himself the greater scholars of the age, like longobardo Paul Deacon andanglo Alcuino di York, which it gave the task to reorganize the culture and the instruction in the territory of its empire. The aware operation of recovery, giving back the correctness to the Latin, of it it sanctioned but definitively the nature of artificial language, and the separation from the language speech. It is not a case that immediately after, for before the time, a language was written aware romanza, by now characterized like various entity from the Latin: the French of oath of Strasburgo, of842.

After the Thousands nacquero university (before it was that one of Bologna), and the instruction, for persons who reached from all Europe, it was rigorously in Latin: a sure Latin who could not more dirsi the language than Cicerone or Orazio. The scholars of the university elaborated a particular Latin, saying scholastic, adapted to express the abstract and rich concepts of shadings elaborates to you from the philosophy of the age, call exactly scholastic.

The Latin was not therefore more the language than communication that had been in the roman world; nevertheless vital language was one alive and, tutt' static other that. With the time but also this was seen like one depravation of the glorious language of the classic Rome. In XIV century in Italy a cultural movement rose that, in parallel with riscoperta and the revaluation of the world classic and they pay, it favored a renewed interest for the ancient Latin: it takes the name of Umanesimo. Begun already with Petrarch, it had its greater exponents in Bracciolini Hill, Lorenzo Goes It, Marsilio Ficino and Coluccio Greets To You. The classic language divenne object of studies approfonditissimi that they marked of fact the birth of the called discipline classic filologia.

In modern age, the Latin still was used like language of the higher culture and science, and in Latin the first modern scientists wrote also like Copernico and Newton (Galileo instead the Italian preferred) until at least to XVIII century, when also in this role the Latin was replaced from French.

The Latin today

The Latin is to tutt' today matter of study in i grammars school classics and scientific Italians. Radio exists one in Finland that it transmits in Latin all the day. The Latin is still official language of Sede Saint, although the State of Vatican City it uses like official languageItalian.

They exist proproste to render the Latin official language for scopes trained you ofEuropean Union, so as to to choose a language that is not official of some State member (to tutt' today, informally, English is frank language of all Europe, perlomeno in its center-western part).

The official maxims of the European Union and of United states they are in Latin: respective In varietate concord and And pluribus unum. Switzerland, in order to avoid ' preferenze' between its three official languages (and its four languages ' nazionali') still are called officially Confoederatio Helvetica (or Helvetia), although the Latin in this case is not used to scopes ammistrati to you.