Pancreas

pancreas it is one voluminosa gland mail in the cavity abdominal, to inner secretion (endocrine) and external (esocrina). It makes part of the annexed ones todigesting apparatus.

Index 1 Human anatomy 1.1 Shape and position 1.2 Relationships 1.3 One goes and nerves 1.4 Structure 1.5 Function 1.5.1 Pancreas esocrino 1.5.2 Regulation 2 Pathology 3 Correlated voices

Human anatomy

Shape and position

It has a shape lengthened in cross-sectional sense and leggermente flattened from ahead to behind, with the skillful extremity more voluminosa (head of the pancreas), the left extremity thin and is sharpenned (tail), the intermediate part is the body of the pancreas.

It is found front to the bodies of the first two vertebre lumbar.
The pancreas is along 15-20 cm, high 4 cm, often 1,5-2 cm and hung 70-80 g approximately (in the hung woman leggermente less), it has friabile consistency and rose-colored colouring, or grayish when it is in phase of intense secretiva activity.

The "head" is received in the concavity of the handle duodenal, of dimensions 6x3x2 cm. The head introduces an extension in correspondence of the "estremo inferomediale", saying "uncinato process".
The "body" is separated of the head from a narrow part ("istmo").
The "tail" introduces rather variable shape and extension, being able to introduce itself like lengthened and lost weight or stocky and ingrossata.

The pancreas is maintained stable in its position from duodenum, that of it it receives the head, from peritoneum parietal posterior, that it covers it, and from pacreaticolienale legamento, that of fixed the tail toilo of milza.

Relationships

The head is in posterior contact with:

• the feature finishes them of scholar coledoco, that it leaves one deep print you
• sheet of Treitz
• vein inferior quarry
• the bodies of "2L" and "3L"
• the skillful pillar of diaphragm
• the peduncolo renal.

The "body" is wrapped from "peritoneum parietal posterior ", that it is found in front relationship with the posterior face of stomach. The "tail" is found in relationship with:

• milza (laterally)
• lienale artery (laterally)
• kidney left (posteriorly).

One goes and nerves

arteries of the pancreas they come fromhepatic artery, fromlienale artery and fromadvanced mesenterica artery.

The veins are fiscal of vein door.

I it is gone linfati to us they are fiscal of i linfonodi "pancreatico-duodenal front", of the "linfonodali chains" of the lienale artery and the advanced mesenterica artery, and finally of linfonodi the places to the "ilo" of milza.

I nerves they derive from "plesso celiaco".

Structure

The pancreas has one composed acinosa structure, with characters much similar to that one of salivari glands, it differs some only for the presence of islands or isolotti of Langerhans, that they produceinsulin and glucagone.
It is covered from one woven connecting from which septa leave that get a deeper knowledge to its inside, subdividing it in lobes or lobuli. The lobes can to they time be decomposed in acini or adenomeri, that they are the constituent elements of the gland.
Every acino it has a wall formed from a membrane bases them, on this they rest the secernenti cells. The portion of cell turned to the inside of the acino contains many grains of preferment. Every acino is supplied of a small escretore channel (preterminal culvert). These culverts end up in lead more and more large, that they meet in the main culvert, lead of Wirsung, and in the secondary culvert, lead of Santorini. These two lead are the escretore apparatus of the gland.

The endocrine member is represented gives approximately 1 million "isolotti pancreati to us", and it is very marked regarding the member esocrina.

adenomeri they are not structured like acini, but as tubuli "it anastomoses to you" between they, drenati from a number of scholars relatively low. The "streaked scholars" are absent, since the "intralobulari culverts" lack all the characteristics of striature and function found in the streaked culverts.

The "preterminal culvert" appears invaginato within the adenomero. cells that they assume such relationship, _ particular with the cell the secernenti be say "cell centroacinose".

The "sierose cells" of the pancreas have pyramidal shape, with the turned slargata part towards the "sheet it bases them", and that one lost weight that it looks on to towards "lume". nucleus it is found in position bases them, "cytoplasm it bases them "is intensely" basophil "("RER "developed), the "Golgi" is in position to sovranucleare.
The apex cytoplasm introduces gocciole of "zimogeno". The "sierose cells" of Parotid small range secernono one of proteins, the "sierose cells" of the pancreas produce to all one series of enzymes proteoliti to us, lipoliti to us and amiloliti to us.

Function

The pancreas consta of a part to inner secretion or endocrine (islands of the Langerhans) and a part to external secretion or esocrina which, through two "escretori scholars", "main" and "accessory", it pours its secreto to the inside of duodenum.

Pancreas esocrino

The part esocrina of the pancreas has the task to produce pancreatico juice, indispensable for internal digestion, which it turns out composed they give:

• enzymes proteoliti (tripsina and chimotripsina to us)
• enzymes gliocoliti to us (amylase)
• enzymes lipoliti to us (lipasi)
• nucleici acids (ribonucleasi and desossiribonucleasi).

_ the action the secernente of the pancreas be continuous, but it is carried out to a modest level; it increases considerable but under stimulus neuroendocrino of the "secretina" and the "pancreozimina", products in the duodenum that catch up the pancreas for ematica way.

The main culvert extends from the thing until the head, increasing more and more, becoming part in the duodenum in correspondence ofampoule of Vater. The secondary culvert is originated from the main culvert, carried out towards right and it penetrates in duodenum 3 or 4 cm above the ampoule.
pancreatico juice, secreto from the acini, it enters in the duodenum.

Regulation

The regulation of the secretion of the pancreatico juice is completed with mechanisms nervous and hormonal (gastrointestinal hormones).

From the pancreas esocrino, like from the stomach, they distinguish a "secretion bases them" (interdigestiva) and one "post pradiale" (digestive). The pancreatica secretion bases them is rather modest. The pancreatico juice comes immesso in the duodenum not in episodic way, like the bile: at the moment of the digestion it happens a massive release and express of pancreatico juice.

The lack of a tank for the pancreatico juice renders the existence of other mechanisms of regulation necessary, in the first place the formations sfinteriche of the "duodenal papilla", that they occlude main the pancreatico culvert partially: that however does not explain the massive release in the digestive phase. The pancreatica secretion comes rendered remarkablly active from stimulations of nervous and endocrine nature (pancreazimina and secretina). This stimulation determines one massive emptying of the sierose cells, the grains of "zimogeno" are melted between they and the massive emptying in a single blow (like "granulocito is had basifilo").

Pathology

Because of its deep position, the pancreas is not easy accessible to medical surveying and its diseases are in kind serious and of difficult diagnosis.
The more frequent pathologies are:

• inflammation (pancreatitis simple, necrotica or emorragica)
• tuberculosis
• sifilide
• tumor
• it calculates
• cysts
• diabetes
• etc.

Correlated voices

• Pancreatico diabetes
• Pancreatina
• Pancreatitis
• Pancreatico juice

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