Jose multiple

Jose フリアン multiple ペレス(José Juli wart Martí P 駻 ez, 18531 month 28 day - 18955 month 19 day) Cuba man of letters、 revolutionist. It participates in the Cuban independent revolution of 19 century latter halves, it is known widely as the hero even presently in the Cuban history. In addition, Latin America it is noted.

Life

As for Jose multiple in 1853 Spain territory Cuba Havana city, Mary no multiple it is the immigration from Spain and it was born with レオノル ペレス カブレラ. He at the time of four years old as for family once Spain Valencia, but health of the Mary no of the father is not superior, is returned to Cuba two years later. It returned to Cuba, as for multiple, poet independent idea houseLava l Mary メンディベYou entered into the public school which serves the principal. メンディベ education came young and produced the effect to which day becomes multiple great. In addition, multiple participated in also the meeting of the man of letters and the political idea house which have at the house of メンディベ frequently, the experience became the soil that man of letters, as an independent idea house.

With economic help of the メンデ べ elementary education was completed as for multiple with interest, in 1867 is Havana enters into the fine arts professional school which even in art. While attending as for multiple there, many patriotism poem and drama is written. In 1868 first independent war (Ten year warWhen) happens, multiple actively satirical magazine "entanglement person El Diablo Cojuelo" and reaches the point where it participates in the compilation of weekly magazine "free homeland Patria Libre" and so on. Furthermore also the independent revolutionist because it had interchange mainly, multiple in 1869 is imprisoned with treason. Next year multiple is sentenced penal servitude 6 year, but with the efforts of the father the Cuban southwest sectionピノス island Isla de Pinos (the present timeフベントゥ island Isla de la Juventud) after being banished, it came to the point of being sent to Spain.

It was sent to Spain in 1871, as for multiple,MadridAnd Saragossa, at the Saragossa university and the like of the locale law and literature、 philosophy and the like it did. In addition you wrote on the navigation middle from Cuba "the political offense jail El presídio poltíco en Cuba in Cuba" immediately after the arrivingMadridThe sentiment for the Cuban independence completely had not become weak e.g., so it publishes. Furthermore the same mind which is banished together from Cubaフェルミン val death ドミンゲス Fermín Vald 騷 with Domínguez it participates in also the discussion regarding the Cuban problem positively, publishes "the Spanish republic and the Cuban revolution La república española ante la revolución cubana". And he has been conferred the bachelor's degree of the fine arts, law and philosophy in Spain.

Passing the stay of several years in Spain, as for multiple France, in 1874 Mexico. In Mexico with mediation of the マヌエル mel card of the friend, the compilation of l federal and the レビスタsea urchin bell monkey it did. As for him even there other than creation ヴィクトル u go, interchanges with the Mexican writers. In addition, it has encountered with daughter Carmen サヤス of the exile Cuban person who becomes to get married afterwards in Guatemala.

Literature activity although it went, was not blessed with work, multiple moved to Guatemala in 1876, took the pointer with literature of the central school and class of philosophy. But multiple writing "Guatemala Guatemala" two years later, not be able to adapt to the policy of the Guatemala government of that time, went away from Guatemala.

In 1878, with help of friend multiple Ness can POS multiple returns in home Cuba. Already, the Cuban independent war which spans ten was suppressed, but multiple without throwing away the dream to independence, again, develops active independence movement, makes exile unavoidable.

For the second time, Cuba was chased, multiple becomes to be the every place sporadic in the foreign country. In beginning Spain short term as for him who stayed United States of America New York, directly Venezuela Caracas. In Venezuela magazine "レビスタべ ネソラーナ" is founded, but the administrator of the timeグスマン swingFrom the criticism for, overseas retreat is made unavoidable even here. Venezuela was chased, multiple for the second time, moves staying to New York where at that time many exile Cuban people stayed in 1881, there 14 years becomes to stay.

On the one hand, of the originally the wife and Carmen wealthy layer graduate of Cuba burn passion in the Cuban independence, being multiple greatly cool, accompanying the rear son of separation of abundance, you went away from under multiple and returned to Cuba. This is said that you damaged multiple deeply. You stayed in New York as for multiple as a intellectual widely to be known, it has filled various posts Paraguayan and Argentina stop American consul, Uruguayan stop American consul and international finance meeting representation. But the fact that always it leaves from the multiple brain reverse side there is no dream of the Cuban independence, he in order to devote to independence movement these positions everything has abandoned afterwards.

As while staying multiple, other than political activity it continues also energetic literature activity in the United States, contributes to the American and Latin America each magazine as for the child magazine "golden age La Edad de Oro" is founded, "イスマエリーヨ Ismaelillo" and "the work of brief anthology Versos sencillos" and so on is announced.

1894, he in order that the real independence fight finally in Cuba is started goes to the supply of revolution fund in Mexico. Multiple three to supply the boat which fully loads same mind and also the weapon, American Florida stateファーナンディナ beachThe plan which starts on a voyage is raised. Although multiple and same mind immediately before the starting on a voyage is arrested in the police, to be rescued in Attorney American of the multiple friend, on 1895 January 30th Dominica republicサント ドミンゴに寄港、マクシモ・ゴメス・イ・バエス将軍と合流する。キューバ各地に於いて独立闘争が激化すると、マルティとゴメスは3月25日にモンテクリスティ宣言を発表、キューバ独立戦争の方向性を明確にする。4月11日にマルティとゴメスは同志達と共にハイチを出発、キューバのオリエンテ県、プライタスに上陸を果たす。マルティにとっては十数年振りの故郷であった。一行はキューバ各地で闘争を繰り広げるが、優勢を保つスペイン軍との戦いは熾烈を極めた。そして同じ年の5月19日、マルティはドス・リオス付近で戦闘中に被弾、キューバの独立を見る事無くその波乱に満ちた生涯を閉じた。戦闘中であった為、革命軍は彼の遺体を回収する為スペイン軍と熾烈な戦いを繰り返したという逸話がある。彼の遺体はサンティアゴ・デ・クーバのサンタ・エフィへニア墓地に埋葬された。

思想と文学

ホセ・マルティは活発な独立思想家であり、その思想は多く彼の文学作品に反映されている。彼はその思想の為各地を転転とする生活を余儀なくされたが、妻のカルメンはこれに耐え切れず、マルティが米国に移住する前に二人の子供を連れ彼の下を去っている。この事はマルティを精神的に傷付けたが、その逆境を乗り越え自分の息子に捧げた名作「イスマエリーヨ」を完成させた。また、放浪の生活にあってもその創作意欲は衰える事無く、多くの作品を残している。

マルティは生前、キューバ独立の為に宗主国スペインと激しく対峙したが、その一方で青春の日々を過ごしたマドリッドやサラゴサを非常に愛していた。スペインを舞台に彼は戯曲「姦通者 Adúltera」を執筆している。

また、アメリカ主義を主張したマルティだが、彼のアメリカとは正にラテンアメリカに他ならず、マルティはアメリカ合衆国がラテンアメリカの独立運動に干渉することを非常に嫌っていた。マルティは米国に滞在中、米国政界のキューバに対する姿勢に幻滅し、以後米国のラテンアメリカに対する干渉に強固に反対するようになった。マルティは生前に著作「我等がアメリカ」の中で米国のラテンアメリカに於ける覇権拡大を強く懸念しているが、実際に彼の懸念は独立後のキューバに於ける米国の実質的な支配、20世紀を通してのラテンアメリカに於ける米国の影響力の拡大という形で現実となる。　　

作品

小説　

• 不運な友情 Amistad funesta

詩集

• イスマエリーヨ Ismaelillo
• 簡潔な詩集 Versos sencillos
• 自由な詩集 Versos libres
• 流刑地の花 Flores del destierro

戯曲

• 姦通者 Adúltera

随筆・論文

• キューバに於ける政治犯刑務所 El presídio politico en Cuba
• スペイン共和制とキューバ革命 La república española ante la revolución cubana
• グアテマラ Guatemala

影響

ホセ・マルティは後世の思想家、革命家、文学者等に多大な影響を与えた。特に彼の祖国であるキューバに於いては彼は建国の英雄として称えられており、キューバ共和国革命評議会の議場にも彼の巨大な肖像が掲げられている。また、首都ハバナの国際空港はホセ・マルティの名を冠している。1956年から1959年のキューバ革命に於いて重要な役割を果たしたアルゼンチン人革命家、エルネスト・ゲバラはマルティのアメリカ主義の突出した体現者とも言え、国境を越えてラテンアメリカの人民革命遂行に奔走した。