Full employment
Full employment(The can ぜ it will go back and forth) with macro economics, economic demand for the labor market of altogether certain and when supply has agreed.
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unemployment, it is the concept which is born, it points to a state where it does not have unemployment essentially, but in regard to the use of concept unemployment rate 0% is not always meant.
From the fact that concept of unemployment itself is ambiguous, also concept of full employment and, is ambiguous.
Originally, it is the concept where the policy meaning being agreeable that is confined loses the social insecurity due to unemployment.
Unemployment level of full employment time
Approach from unemployment rate
The English of 20 centuries economic scholar,William ベヴァリッジWe assumed that it is full employment, with 3% unemployment rate. The other economic scholar although it differs the respective country, time, depending upon the political standpoint which in addition the individual economic scholar has, in general has made 7% unemployment rate full employment from 2%, (generally, catches full employment unemployment rate the person of conservative standpoint high than the person of social democracy standpoint is a tendency which). In addition it will not be single unemployment rate, there is also a standpoint where it tries to estimate "the range" of full employment unemployment rate. For example it regards America Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as for full employment unemployment rate estimator, in 1999 from 4% 6.It is 4%, this "structural unemployment rate" estimator, takes the shape, plus/negative presumption error of standard. OECD has published the estimator of full employment unemployment rate in regard to other countries, (with same presumption as for Japan 4.0% plus or minus 0.3%) .
Approach from inflation
1968 year (or 67 years), monetarist theology,エドモンド フェルプスWith concept of individual full employment unemployment rate was created, this was named "natural unemployment rate". Though, this natural unemployment rate is not thought economy those which it should aim as norm goal. What Friedmann and others insists is not it tries to obtaining full employment state, it means that the policy person in charge is stabilized inflation rate first (very low level, or in zero) especially should endeavor. Such economic policy was something which is maintenance possible, if is, unemployment rate probably will be to "natural" unemployment rate decreases gradually, is Friedmann theory.
Friedmann thought brought big influence to macro economics, presently full employment, it became many to point to the unemployment rate of maintenance possible lowest level under economic structure of a certain given. This first used this terminology James toe bottleInflation non accelerating unemployment rate(NAIRU=Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) with it is called. It is identical with natural unemployment rate as a concept, you can say that "natural" word is avoided from the standpoint, but as for natural ones there is no no one in economy. There being a full employment state, circulating (or depends on work demand insufficiency) unemployment does not exist. If economy this "natural" unemployment rate or it changes is below "inflation threshold" unemployment rate over several years, inflation is the expectation which accelerates, (with the prerequisite which is not the external control regarding wages and price). Conversely, unemployment rate above this level, if the long period of time it changes is, inflation is the expectation which it quiets converts. In this way, NAIRU it is guided inflation rate rise, as the kind of unemployment rate which depreciation is not. Then as for the absolute level of NAIRU of one economy, you can say that it depends on the primary factor of the supplier in the labor market. The primary factor such as structural unemployment and frictional unemployment that is.
Before the further than Friedmann and フェルプス,1951 yearアバ ラーナーAbout the idea of NAIRU of a certain kind was advocated. As for the point which differs from the thought of present NAIRU, as for him it is the point which considered the fixed range which is made full employment unemployment rate. As for himIt is highFull employment unemployment rate namely "Income policyBelow existing, full employment unemployment rate of maintenance possible smallest level "It is lowFull employment unemployment rate namely "below that kind of policy does not exist, unemployment rate" was distinguished.
These researches have thrown doubt vis-a-vis the feasibility and the social value of full employment. Namely, as for full employment righteousness inflation, because full employment is actualized, paying attention to just the number of unemployment rate until government (or the economic policy person in charge) submitting a higher inflation, it tries there is no meaning, to actualize low unemployment rate, you must understand in the relationship of the trade off whether or not is, we assume that.
The approach with the classification of unemployment
There are some which often are used by the labor economist. As for that, while "ideal unemployment rate" (ideal unemployment rate) with you think of the unemployment rate in full employment state, there for example the non performance in the labor market (structural unemployment) you do not exist, simply the worker searches the following job from one job, it is in a state where it is just frictional unemployment, that it is something which is done. For example William ベヴァリッジ "a state where the job seeker is equal to number of recruits being sought" had defined full employment. As for him in order for economy to achieve largest production, full employmentAboveIt is desirable for employment to be maintained, that you thought.
Actual full employment
In America of the nineties end, unemployment rate below the level which many scholars thought NAIRU was as for inflation rate it was stable in spite.
In Japan high-level economic growth～ bubble economy, almost was full employment.
European countries of recent years while price increase rate is low considerably, are accepted to high unemployment. Unemployment to be serious social problem in these countries, because rise in prices does not accelerate, full employment, with it is not the circumstance which can be said.
1980年代以降、先進国では、それまでインフレーションをもたらしていた貯蓄投資バランスの不均衡が、経常収支へ強く影響を及ぼすようになった。このため、物価上昇と失業の関連は崩れ、インフレーションからのアプローチは意味を喪失している。
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