String instrument

String instrument(The げ it is the っ to come) (String musical instrumentWith there was also a thing which is written) with,ChordThe chord which can by giving a some stimulusVibrationSoundWith it does musical instrument. In order to obtain the vibration of the chord, the chord thatTensionThe sound which has the device which is stretched with in many cases is obtainedResonanceBeing able to point, it has the device because of the る it expands sound.

In musical instrument taxonomyChord ringing musical instrumentWith it calls.

Table of contents 1 How to start of sound 2 The mechanism which obtains the sound of various heights 3 Mechanism of resonance 4 Classification 5 Structure 5.1 Chord 5.2 Course and ユニゾン 5.3 Cord finishing blow, bobbin 5.4 Scene and pillar (箏) 5.5 Finger board 5.6 Fret and pillar (lute) 5.7 Resounding/affecting mouth, f letter hole 5.8 Soul pillar 6 Terminology 6.1 Open chord 6.2 Pitch chord, tuning 6.3 Chalking and demand pusher 6.4 Pizzicato 6.5 ヴィブラート 6.6 Complaints vessel 7 String instrument and the rough history every of area 7.1 The West 7.2 Orient 7.2.1 Japan 7.2.2 China 7.2.3 Mongolia 7.2.4 The Indian sub- continent 7.3 Middle East 8 String music combination playing

How to start of sound

The chord is repelled, or the chord is rubbed with the bowstring, when stimulus is given to the chord or by hitting the chord, the chord vibrating, you can obtain sound. By the method of giving the stimulus, it is classified into the plectrum string instrument, the grazing string instrument and the hitting string instrument.

• Plectrum string instrument　The chord is repelled. To repel, the finger and the nail, or those which change to that (the justice shell, you call the plectrum) you use. 箏 The guitar and the cembalo etc. in this way, sound is put out.
• Grazing string instrument　The chord is rubbed with the bowstring. violinCompanionAnd,胡bowCompanion,Morin hole(The Bato koto) the companion et. al. in this way, sound is put out. The bowstring uses those where the friction like the hair of the tail of the horse is large, enlarges friction furthermore with the rosin and the like.
• Hitting string instrument　The chord is struck. piano and partPercussion instrumentAnd, also portion of the harmony musical instrument enters into this. As for striking the chord,Hammer、BowlAnd so on is.

However, these executions are not the case that always it locks in every musical instrument, for example it grazes and it is the string instrumentViolin being attachedLike the plectrum string instrument repelling the chord in the musical instrument, it puts out soundPizzicatoWith there is an execution which is said, ( contra bus popular music, on the other hand the one is), is the plectrum string instrument general箏Hitting the chord, it puts out soundStriking nailWith there is an execution which is said.

The mechanism which obtains the sound of various heights

In the string instrument, pitch of sound is decided by the resonance body wind instrument, frequency of the sounding body barrel chord (frequency) withPitch of soundIs decided. Frequency of the chord can by the following formula.

< Math> \mathbf {f} = {1 \over 2l} \sqrt {{\mathbf {T} \over \sigma}} < /math>

F = frequency ( hertz)

L Length of = chord (m)

T = tension ( Newton)

Mass per σ = unit length (kg/m)

This way, because frequency changes length of the chord, tension of the chord, mass per unit length of the chord (thickness of the chord, density of the chord) with, in order to obtain the sound of plural heights, if these should have been modified thing means. The following kind of device makes because of that.

• The length where the chord vibrates is modified.
• Tension of the chord is modified.
• The plural chords where pitch of sound is obtained differs are stretched.

Many string instruments have modified the pitch of sound from midst of these with the method of one or more. For example, electric guitar, the chord of the height which differs 6 these Hari, in order to make the length where the chord vibrates shortFinger boardAndFretWith having the device which is called, pulling the chord to side furthermore at the time of performance (ChalkingTension is changed) with.

Mechanism of resonance

Not just the string instrument, because in many musical instruments as for sound it is pronounced, with the vibration is not transmitted sufficiently in the sky, the vibration is expanded with the mechanism of resonance. wind instrument vis-a-vis it is difficult having sound high the sounding body stabilizes, it is normal to have the resonance body which resonates to the sound of the height which has width generally regarding the string instrument. Namely, being the box of air, the air in this box resonates. Because of this as for the resonance body there is many a thing which is called the resonance torso. As for the resonance torso generally, extending to the sound of height of specification, in order to avoid the fact that it resonates, it can use the curved surface mainly. For exampleLuteAnd ウード, phase is plane surface, but the other aspect is hemisphere,GuitarBeing, the board of the inside and outside is plane surface, but the side plate is the curved surface. The rare liner is plane surface contra bus exists, but as for thisヴィオール being attachedIt is the name remainder, presently many are the curved surface.

As for the material of the resonance torso those which designate the board and the building block of the wood as plate shape are many,SamisenThe way there are some which used the leather of the animal in part. Resonance torso firstDrumIt is thought that so it probably is.

Classification

The musical instrument taxonomy, it is classified with the structure of the musical instrument which centers the resonance torso. As for the musical instrument which is included respectively later description.

• Easy bow - Tying the chord on the both ends of the stick of the bow condition which curves those which it stretches.
• Zither being attached - (It can make the free vibration on the resonance torso, separating from the resonance torso) those which stretch the chord.
• Lira being attached - 2 these pillars are raised to the resonance torso, the crossbar is transferred between the pillar, those which the chord is stretched on the resonance torso and between the crossbar. There are also some where the thing and the whole where the pillar becomes the resonance torso become the resonance torso and one body.
• Harp being attached - Those which in the edge of the length thin resonance torso, attach the stick to the letter of the く, on the resonance torso and between the stick stretch the chord. In order to support, attaching the support stick on the both ends of the difficult letter, there is many a thing which it makes triangle.
• Lute being attached - Those which install the pole in the resonance torso, stretch the chord on the pole. One end of the chord those which tie first, already one end of the pole to the resonance torso are many. By the fact that the chord is stretched on the pole, it becomes easy to hold down the chord in order to change sound high. Furthermore, there are times when it calls the possession pole string instrument.

Structure

Chord

ChordThe metal and the Kevlar, the silk and the sheep casing (GATT) etc. it is made in the material.

Course and ユニゾン

When the chord plural being stretched, it is not necessary to stretch on the pitch of sound is always different entirely. Arranging, 2 and 3 each Hari, collecting to the sound of the same height, performing there are also times when it plays. You call this one group ユニゾン, you call the musical instrument of some course with the quantity of uni- ゾ ン. For exampleマンドリンは２本ずつ４コース８弦の楽器である。ピアノは鍵盤の数（普通８８）だけコースがあるが、低音域を除いて３弦１コースである。

これは音量を増したり、２本を同時にはじこうとすると少しずれて２度鳴ることなどを目的とする。

緒留め、糸巻き

弦の端を楽器に固定するために、結びつける部分を緒留めという。さらに、棒に巻き付けて、棒を回すことにより張力を変えられるようにしたものを糸巻きという。

駒、柱（箏）

弦の途中で弦を押さえ（実際には下から押し上げるような形になる）、弦の振動長を限定する部品を駒という。駒は、緒留めや糸巻きの手前に付けられる。特に共鳴胴の上に付けられる駒は、弦の振動を駒に伝える重要な働きを持つ。また、箏では演奏の合間に簡単に移動できる駒を持っているが、これを柱(じ)という。

指板

弦の振動長を自由に短くするためには、指や爪やそれに変わるもので弦を押さえるが、弦を押さえつける板を指板という。リュート属の楽器では、棹と指板とが一体化しているものも多い。

フレット、柱（琵琶）

指板に指で弦を押さえつけると、指が弦の振動を吸収する。これは高音の撥弦で著しい。このため、指が弦の振動に直接当たらないように、指板上に駒状のものを取り付けることが行われる。これをフレットといい、ギターなどで備えている。フレットのある楽器では、フレットを挟んで振動しない側の弦を指で押さえる。琵琶では柱(じ)という。

響口、f字孔

共鳴胴に穿った通気口を響口(ひびきぐち)という。音色に大きな影響を与える。リュートやギターでは1個で円形ないし楕円形である。ヴァイオリン属ではf字形の穴を左右対称に2つ持ち、f字孔と呼ぶ。

魂柱

ヴァイオリン属の楽器では、表板と裏板の間に魂柱という柱が立っていて、駒から伝えられた弦の振動を裏板に伝える。

用語

開放弦

指で弦を押さえて音を変える楽器において、指で押さえていない状態を開放弦という。ヴァイオリン属の楽器のようにフレットのない楽器では他の（指で振動が吸収される）音と音色が違ったり、ヴィブラートがかけづらかったりするので、使用が控えられることがある。

調弦、チューニング

糸巻きで弦の張力を変えるなどして、（開放弦の）音の高さを設定すること。
作曲者の指示などにより、楽器本来の調弦法と違う音に合わせることを、スコルダトゥーラという。

チョーキング、押し手

弦の張力を変えて音の高さを変える奏法。楽器によって、弦を横に引いたり、縦に押し込んだりする。

ピチカート

（撥弦楽器でない楽器で、）弦をはじく奏法。

ヴィブラート

音を揺らす奏法。弦を押さえる指などを揺らして、弦長、張力、弓の当たり方、楽器全体の位置を変えることにより、音高、音色、音強、響き方を小刻みに変化させる。ヴィブラートは耳には音色の変化として捉えられることが多い。ヴィブラートの使用により、音に響きが与えられ、ピチカート奏法ではいくらか音の持続時間が長くできる。また、音高に幅ができるため、音程が合わない不快さが軽減される。

弱音器

ヴァイオリン属の楽器では、駒に弱音器を付けて、音色を和らげ、音強を弱めることがある。

地域ごとの弦楽器とその大まかな歴史

西洋

• チター属
  • チター - プサルテリウム - ダルシマー - ツィンバロム - チェンバロ - ピアノ
• ハープ属
  • ハープ - エオリアン・ハープ
• リュート属
  • リュート - マンドリン
  • ギター
  • アルペジョーネ
  • ヴィオール属
    • ヴィオラダブラッチョ - ヴィオラダモーレ - ヴィオラ・ダ・ガンバ
  • ヴァイオリン属
    • ヴァイオリン - ヴィオラ - チェロ - コントラバス

東洋

日本

• チター属
  • 箏 - 大正琴
• リュート属
  • 琵琶 - 三線(さんしん) - 三味線 - 胡弓

中国

• チター属
  • 古箏 - 琴(チン) - 揚琴
• リュート属
  • 琵琶(ピパ) - 二胡

モンゴル

• チター属
  • 洋琴
• リュート属
  • モリンホール（馬頭琴）

インド亜大陸

• リュート属
  • シタール - ヴィーナ - ラバーブ - サーランギ

中東

• リュート属
  • ウード - ラバーブ

弦楽合奏

弦楽合奏（ストリングス・オーケストラ）とは、弦楽器の合奏形態あるいはその形態で演奏される楽曲のことを指す。ここでいう弦とは、ヴァイオリン属の楽器のことをさす。すなわち、ヴァイオリン、ヴィオラ、チェロ、コントラバスで編成される。

弦楽器の合奏形態は他にギターオーケストラ、マンドリンオーケストラなどがある。