English language

English language it is a language that, together with German e neerlandês, occidental person of the family belongs to the branch Germanic. It is spoken in , in , in , in Ireland, in , in and in other countries.

History

From 1500 the period of the geographic expansion of the English starts; first in the neighboring regions of Cornuália, Wales, e Ireland, where it substitutes the céltico almost completely and in the islands Shetlands and Orcadas it substitutes lingua descending of Old Norwegian call norn.

The transistion of the average English to the modern was marked by a rigorous phonetic evolution in the pronunciation of the vowels, what it occurred between centuries XV and XVI. The Danish lingüísta Otto Jespersen called such change of "great vocálica mutation"; it consisted of modifying the joint of the vowels in relation to the positions of the lips and the language, that in the generality if raised in a degree. This change transformed the 20 vowels who possuía the average English in 18 in the modern English. The writing remained unchanged as consequence of the appearance of the press. Until then the possuía average English a more phonetic writing; all the consonants if pronounced, while that today some are dumb as l in walking.

In old and average English the tonic syllable was always in the silábica root of the derived words. In the modern English, the tonic syllable can be in almost any syllable of a word.

The germanic branch occidental person of the family going-européia, which the English belongs, also it includes low German (Plattdeutsch), dutch e friesian. The German English drift of three dialects low said by the anglians, saxões and jutos, that had emigrated from and of the north of to establish itself in from the half of century V in ahead. These dialects were characterized by the retention of the deaf oclusivas /p, t, k transformed into the corresponding affricative in high German /f, th, x e of the sonorous oclusivas /b, d, g transformed into /p, t, k. These transformations can be seen in the following example:

• Low German - dör, pad, skip, I havet
• English - door, path, ship, hot
• High German - Tür, Pfad, Schiff, I havess

Inlgesa literature can be summarized in the following stages:

• Old English, four manuscripts that date approximately of 1000, I contend poetry anglian-saxônica of centuries VIII and IX, including the poem epic Beowulf e other lyric poems. In the Great e chats is the workmanships of Alfredo the Chronicle Anglo-Saxônica, who has covered, still that with some gaps, the period of the reign of Alfredo until middle of century XI.
• Average English, that in its first period he is anglian-Latin with Historia of Geoffrey de Monmouth. The period of transistion includes romances medieval as Sir Gawayne and tje Grene Knight e Plowman Piers of John Langland. This period finishes with the workmanship of Chaucer.
• Renaissance, with Shakespeare e other dramaturgos (Marlowe, Webster); Spenser; lyric poetical.
• In century XVII with Milton, the Metaphysical Bunyan, Donne and poets, Dryden.
• In century XVIII with Pope, Swift, the novelists Richardson, Smollet, Sterne; William Blake.
• In with Byron and the romantic movement.
• Century XX.

Data

With the ascenção of England the world-wide power and later , the English language if spread out for the whole world, with the creation of numerous Creole languages. Currently more than 300 million people have the English as native language and a similar number as second language, besides being used as frank language for science, the international trade and the politics.

It also sees

• English she is spoke

Sources

• HTTP://www.proel.org/
• HTTP://www.ethnologue.with