Portuguese language

Portuguese she is one spoken in , , , , , , , e Timor East. Polémico is the statute of speaks of , one has left of the Galician society and of the linguistas they consider it part of the linguistic system Gallego-Portuguese. Still it is spoken in the old Portuguese India , , e Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the current one Indiana union.

With more than 200 million native falantes, the Portuguese is the sixth more popular language materna in the world, and second Latin language, only exceeded for Spaniard. It is the third said language more in world occidental person.

The Portuguese is known as The language of Camões (because of Luis of Camões, author of ); e The last flower of the Lácio, had to a poem of Olavo Bilac.

The Portuguese language if spread for the world in the century XV e XVI to the measure that Portugal created the first and most lasting colonial empire and commercial European, extending itself of , in Americas, even , in , and to . As result of this expansion, the Portuguese is now official language of eight independent countries, and wide is said or studied as second language noutros. They still exist about twenty languages Portuguese Creoles. It is an important minority language in , , , e . Immense falantes immigrant communities of Portuguese exist in many cities for the world are, as for example in , Boston, New Jersey e Miami in e Nagoya e Hamamatsu in .

History

The Library of the Aid was created in century XV as "Real Library". She is the library-mother of the national libraries of Portugal. (courtesy IPPAR)

The Portuguese developed in the part occidental person of of spoken, brought by the soldiers and Roman colonists since century III.C.. The language initiated its passage of differentiation or difference of the other românicas languages after the fall of and of the barbarous invasions in century V. It started to be used in documents written for century IX, and in century XV one becomes in a ripened language, with a sufficiently rich literature.

Arriving at the Iberian Peninsula in 218.C., the Romans had brought with them the language popular Roman, Latin vulgar, of that all the românicas languages (also known as "novilatinas Languages", or, still, "neolatinas") descend. No longer century II.C. the south of Lusitânia it was romanizado. Estrabão, a geógrafo of Old Greece, it comments in one of books of its workmanship Geographia: "They adoptaram the Roman customs, and already they do not remember the proper language."the language became popular with the arrival of the soldiers, Roman colonists and merchants, who had constructed to cities Romans close to old towns of other civilizations normally.

It enters 409 d.C. e 711, thus that the Roman Empire entered in collapse, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by peoples of germanic origin, known for the Romans as Barbarians. The Barbarians (mainly and ) had absorbed large-scale the culture and the language of the peninsula; however, since that the schools and the administration Roman had closed, the Europe entered in Age of the Darknesses e the communities had been isolated, Latin the popular one started to evolve of differentiated form and the uniformity of peninsula was breached, leading to the formation of a "Lusitano Romance". Since 711, with the Islamic invasion of peninsula, became it language of administration of the conquered areas. However, the population continued to use its says românicas of such form that when mouros they had been expulsos, the influence that had exerted in the language was small. Its main effect was in the lexicon.

The registers older than had survived of a distinct Portuguese language are administrative documents of century IX, still larded with many phrases in Latin. Nowadays, this phase is known as the "Proto-Portuguese" (said in the period between centuries IX e XI).

Portugal became independent in 1143 with the king D. Alfonso Enriques. In the first period of the "Archaic Portuguese" - Period Gallego-Portuguese (of century XI to century XIV), the language more started to be used of generalized form, after having profit popularity in the cristianizada Iberian Peninsula as a poetry language. In 1290, the king D. Dinis creates the first Portuguese university in Lisbon ( General Study) and the Portuguese decreed that, until then only known as "vulgar language" passed to be known as officially used Portuguese Language and.

In as the period of the Archaic Portuguese, between centuries XIV e XVI, with the Portuguese discoveries, the Portuguese language was spread for many regions of , e Americas. Today, the majority of the falantes of the Portuguese meets in Brazil, in . In century XVI it becomes Frank Lingua of Asia and Africa, used not only for the colonial administration and the merchants, but also for communication between the responsible places and Europeans of all the nationalities. The irradiation of the language was helped by mixing marriages between Portuguese and the local populations and its association with the efforts missionaries catholics took the one that was called Christian in many small farms of Asia. dictionary Japanese-Portuguese of 1603 it was a product of the activity missionary Jesuit in . The language continued to enjoy of popularity in the Asian southwest until the o .

Some falantes Christian communities of Portuguese in , , e had preserved its same language after having been isolated of Portugal. The language was modified sufficiently in these communities and evolved per the centuries until it became in several Portuguese Creoles, some of which still persist, after isolation centuries. A number sufficiently considerable of words of Portuguese origin also meets in Tétum. Words of Portuguese origin had entered in the lexicon of several other languages, as , swahili, indonésio e malaio.

The end of the "Archaic Portuguese" is marked by the publication of General Cancioneiro of Garci'a de Resende in 1516. The period of the "Modern Portuguese" (of century XVI until the present o) had an increase of the number of originary words of the Latin classic and the Greek, loaned to the Portuguese during Renaissance, increasing the complexity of the language.

Related classification and languages

Indo-European - Italic - Românico - Italo-Ocidental - Rooster-Iberian - Ibero-Romance - Ibero-Ocidental -

The Portuguese language ortograficamente is seemed in many aspects with the Castilian language, but it is different in the fonologia. A falante of one of the languages requires some practical to capablly understand a falante of the other. In addition, the differences in the vocabulary can make it difficult the agreement. It compares for example:

It always closes the window before supper. (Portuguese)

Ventana Ella cierra siempre la before cenar. (Castilian)

Almost all the words in Castilian and Portuguese are related, in case that you he is cultured the sufficient, will be able to use less common words:

It always locks up the window before cear. (Portuguese little common)

In some places, the Portuguese and the Castilian are said in set. The falantes of Portuguese read and understand Castilian with some easiness, while that Spanish is capable to read Portuguese, but many times incapable to perceive the said language. This takes the one that some foreigners in Portugal and Brazil try to communicate in catelhano what he makes with that the local populations if feel offended or enthusiastic with the chance of saying Castilian The Portuguese is, of course, related with the Catalan, the Italian and all the other Latin languages. Falantes of other Latin languages infinitives can find the conjugação of verbs pparently peculiar.

Geographic distribution

The Portuguese is first language in , , e . E, is the language most used in .

The Portuguese language is also one of the official languages of (with tétum) e (with ). Sufficiently it is spoken, but not official, in , , e . Portuguese Creoles they are the language materna of the population of and of substantial part of e .

The Portuguese is said by about 187 million people in the South America, 16 million Africans, 12 million Europeans, two million in the North America and 0,33 million in Asia.

CPLP or Community of the Countries of Portuguese Language it is an international organization that consists of the eight independent countries that have the Portuguese as official language. The Portuguese is also an official language of , Mercosul e one of the work languages and officers of African union. The Portuguese language has profit popularity as language of study in Africa, South America and Asia.

Standards

The Portuguese has two written varieties (standards or standards) recognized internationally:

• European and African Portuguese
• Portuguese of Brazil

The differences between the varieties of the Portuguese of the Europe and Brazil are in the vocabulary, pronunciation and syntax, especially in the varieties vernáculas, while in the formal texts these differences diminish sufficiently. The differences are not greaters that the existing ones between of and of . Both the varieties are, without a doubt, dialectos of the same language and the falantes of both the varieties can be understood perfectly.

What the Brazilian version of the Portuguese has of well-known is not its distinct lexicon or pronunciation (considered natural even in one same country) but before the written form. Brazil eliminated the majority of first "the c" when "cc", "cç" or "ct"; e "p" when "PC", "pç" or "pt" because they are not sharp in the cultured form of the language, a remainder of the Latin past of this (some continue to exist in the Portuguese of Brazil, and more still in the European).

The Portuguese still possesss others two norms in use for the written representation of the language:

• the call norm of "Agreement 90"

This norm is used for different authors of the Galiza, norm fruit of an agreement that to follow if it relates.

• the call norm of AGAL

The norm of the used AGAL for the Gallegos possesss as more characteristic difference with the Portuguese of Portugal the conservation of the terminations - MAC, - am, - to (leom, Joam, hand) and the permissividade in the use of not normative verbal forms in the Portuguese European standard. It also allows to the lexical use of archaisms or words in disuse in Portugal (as the use of "supper" for "supper") many gifts on the other hand as of habitual use in zones of Brazil.

Also, differences in accents exist, due:

1. Different pronunciation. Brazil in words as "" anonymous "Antonio" or uses closed vowels, where Portugal and Africa use open, "António" or "anónimo", respectively.
2. To facilitate the reading. Because "qu" can be read of two different form in Portuguese: "ku" or "k", Brazil decided to facilitate, using the diaresis. Instead of "cinquenta" as it is written in Portugal and Africa, in Brazil if it writes "fifty".

A reforma Ortográfica de 1990

The Reformation Ortográfica was attemped in 1990 to create a standard of International Portuguese, who was ratified by Brazil, Handle Verde and Portugal, where had participated in the height all the countries of Portuguese official language and with adhesion of a delegation (not official) of observers of the Galiza. Timor-east, not being a subscriber of the original agreement, will go to ratify in briefing. The African countries of Portuguese language had still not decided, possibly due the problems in the implementation. The agreement establishes that its entrance in practical will only go to occur when all the countries of the CPLP to ratify, and this process can not occur in briefing. This question is currently in debate in the CPLP. The agreement will go to eliminate the majority of the "c" when "cc", "cç" or "ct"; e "p" (when "PC", "pç" or "pt") of the European Portuguese, the diaresis and accents in words finished in "eia" in Brazil and will go to add small new rules.

One another agreement was made for the new words that will enter in the language.

Dialectos

The Portuguese language possesss great variety of dialectos, many of them with one accented lexical difference in relation to the Portuguese standard - what it happens especially in Brazil. Such differences, however, do not harm the intelegibilidade very enter the speakers of different dialects.

The European Portuguese standard (also known as "estremenho") modified itself more than the other varieties. Exactly thus, all the aspects and sounds of all the dialectos of Portugal can be found nalgum dialecto in Brazil. The African Portuguese, in special the santomense Portuguese has many similarities with the Portuguese of Brazil (also known as "of the state of Rio de Janeiro"), also the dialects of the south of Portugal presents many similarities, especially the intensive use of the gerund. In the Europe, high-minhoto and the transmontano they are very similar to Gallego.

Exactly with the independence of the old African colónias, the Portuguese standard of Portugal is the standard preferred for the African countries of Portuguese language. Soon, the Portuguese only has two dialectos of learning, the European and the Brazilian. It notices that, in the Portuguese language it has two dialects preferred in Portugal: of and of . In Brazil, the preferred dialect is the spoken one and not written by the inhabitants cults of the great cities.

Portuguese dialectos greaters:

Dialectos of Portugal

1. Açoriano (to hear) -
2. Alentejano (to hear) -
3. Algarvio (to hear) - (he has small dialecto in the part occidental person)
4. Alto-Minhoto (to hear) - North of (interior)
5. Baixo-Beirão; Alto-Alentejano (to hear) - Center of Portugal (interior)
6. Beirão (to hear) - center of Portugal
7. Estremenho (to hear) - Regions of Coimbra and Lisbon (it can be subdivided in lisboeta and coimbrão)
8. Madeirense (to hear) - Wood
9. Northern (to hear) - Regions of Braga e
10. Transmontano (to hear) Trás-os-Montes

Dialects of Brazil

1. Caipira - interior of the state of São Paulo, north of the Paraná and south of Minas Gerais
2. Person from the state of Ceará -
3. Bahian - region of
4. Inhabitant of the state of Rio de Janeiro (to hear) - States of Rio De Janeiro e Espirito Santo (the city of Rio De Janeiro has a proper speech)
5. Gaucho -
6. Miner -
7. Northeastern (to hear) - States northeast Brazilian (interior e has proper speeches)
8. Northerner - states of the basin of
9. Paulistano - city of
10. Hinterland - States of e
11. Sulista - States of e (the city of has a proper speech, and still has a small dialect in the catarinense, next coast to the açoriano).

Dialectos of Angola

1. Benguelense - province of Benguela
2. Luandense (to hear) - provincía of Luanda
3. Sulista - South of Angola

Other areas

• Caboverdiano (to hear) - Green Handle
• (to hear) , Spain (officially considered as isolated and independent language)
• Guineense (to hear) - Guiné-Bissau
• Macaense (to hear) - Macau, China
• Moçambicano (to hear) - Moçambique
• Santomense (to hear) - They are Tomé and Principe
• Timorense (to hear) - Timor-east

Examples of words that are different in the dialectos of Portuguese language of three different continents: Angola (Africa), Portugal (Europe) and Brazil (South America).

• Angola: bazaar, to go even so
• Brazil: to go even so; (or to leak between adolescents)
• Portugal: to go even so; (or bazaar between adolescents)

• Angola: machimbombo
• Brazil: bus
• Portugal: autocarro

• Angola: muceque
• Brazil: slum quarter
• Portugal: can quarter

Grammar

The verbs are divided in three conjugações, that can be identified through the termination of the infinitives, one of "- air", "- er", "- to go" (and "- or", that it is present in an only verb, "to put", together with its composites. This verb belongs, however, to the conjugação "- er", when in the past he was spoken "to poner", then "to poer" and then "to put"). Many verbs finish in "air", such as "to sing". Of one it forms generality, the verbs with the same termination follow standard the same; however, the irregular and exactly anomalous verbs are abundant, case of to go, to come, to have, to be e to put.

In the Portuguese Language, the verbs are divided in ways:

• Indicative. Used to state facts
• Subjuntivo. Used to state assumptions
• Imperative. Used to state instructions

All the Portuguese substantives have one of the two sorts: inclusive and feminine or exclusive masculine or. Many adjectives and pronames, and all the articles, indicate the sort of the substantives the one that they mention themselves. The feminine sort in adjectives is formed in different way of the substantives. Many adjectives that finish in a consonant remain unchanged: "superior man", "superior woman". That is fact also for adjectives that finish in "e": "strong man", "strong woman". It are this, the substantive and the adjective must always be in agreement: "high man", "high woman".

The degree of the substantives is, of a generic form, represented for the suffixes "- ão, -- ona" for the augmentative and "- inho, -- inha" for the diminutive one, still that numerous variations exist to represent these degrees.

The adjectives can have comparative or superlative degree. The comparative degree is represented by the adverbs "more...that "," less...that "and" in such a way...how much "(or" as"), and the superlative degree is represented by the locutions" more "or" little ". To represent the absolute superlative, it can still be added the suffixes "- íssimo, -íssima" (some adjectives, however, make the absolute superlative with the termination "- érrimo, -érrima", or "- ílimo", "- ílima").

The substantives come generally folloied of a numeral, proname or article, forming variations in accordance with the syntactic functions, to know:

• Nominative case (subject or direct object): , this, this, this, this, this, this, that one, that one, to that;

• Genitivo (associate adnominal of ownership): of, this, this, this, this, this, this, that one, that one, that;

• Locative case (associate adverbial of place): in, this, this, this, this, this, this, that one, that one, that;

• Dative (indirect object): to, that one, that one, that (the preposition if does not establish with the excessively demonstrative ones).

The adverbs can be formed by the feminine one of the adjectives, with the addition of the suffix "- mind".

Vocabulary

Houaiss dictionary of the Portuguese Language, for Antonio Houaiss (1915 – 1999), son of Lebanese immigrants and old minister of the culture of Brazil, was created with the support of almost two hundreds of lexicografos of some countries and it is the dictionary of more complete Portuguese (about 228 500 entrances, 376 500 meanings, 415 500 we sinónimos, 26 400 we antónimos e 57 000 archaic words). It includes all the variations of the Portuguese language: africanismos, asiacismos e brasileirismos for beyond the used vocabulary in Portugal. Dedicating its life to the language, Houaiss started its work in 1986, and one year before the dictionary being finished by its colleagues in the year died , without seeing its dream to become reality. The dictionary is quickly to become a reference in the language, some classifies it as a "monument to the language".

The Portuguese, wants in morphology e síntaxe, it represents a organic transformation of without intervention of any foreign language. The grammatical sounds, forms and sintácticos types, with small exceptions, are derived from the Latin. E, about 90% of the vocabulary still drift of the language of Rome. Some changes had taken body during , others had had place later. In the High Average Age, the Portuguese was to erode in such a way as the Frenchman, but one politics conservative reaproximou the language to the Latin.

To also see

• Fonologia of the Portuguese
• Brazilian Portuguese
• Portuguese of the Galiza
• Caipira

Dictionaries on-line

• Dicionários-Online.with
• Dictionary of the Portuguese language online - Priberam
• E-Estraviz dictionary

External linkings

• Community of the Countries of Portuguese Language
• Agudás: The Brazilians of the Benin
• Coletânea of references to the Portuguese language, including diverse versions of dictionaries
• Real Galician Academy
• Association of Galiza-Portugal Friendship
• Galician Associaçom of the Language
• Prohibited movement of the Language
• português_ásia To propagate and to restore the Portuguese in Asia
• Astroroof of the Portuguese Language (observatoriolp.with)