Modern

Mode?rn - style in the West European skill of the end THE XIX - the beginning THE XX centuries, for which they are characteristic:

  • the predominantly smooth, elongated forms, borrowed from nature;
  • the motives: female figures with the being fluttered hair and to clothing, the bent lines, the stylized flowers, bird, insects;
  • the materials: exotic tree, the stained-glass panels, silver, the semiprecious stones.

Content

History

Modern is considered begun, when the group of artists into the sign of protest against the official academic skill left the composition of Munich exhibition organization "Glaspalast". Hence occurs the name of the style Sezession ("department"), which was inculcated in .

In Czechia the name is most extended Secese. In Germany and it was named Jugendstil ("young style"). Name Jugendstil arose in connection with the name of the Munich literary and artistic journal "Jugend", around which was united young generation.

In and England — Modern Style Floreale ("contemporary style", the "style of modern"); Modernismo - in , Tiffany Style - in USA.
In new motion was extended by the name Art Nouveau ("new skill"). Its name style obtained in 1895 to year in , during the discovery of gallery "Maison de l` Art Nouveau".

A number of other names, which was obtained the new style - Style Liberty or Floreale in (on the name of owner of one of the furniture stores), the style Metro, or, on the names of artists, the style Unit vector (Horta); i, finally, the style Flies - which only emphasized its wide acceptance and popularity.
This style reached its bloom in 1900 to year almost entire cycle of its life - origin, development, decline - were accomodated in two decades.

Undulating curve lines, which express dynamics in the plane, characterize new style in essence. Not one sharp motion, on the contrary, the motion calm, which easily flows. In the forms - the emphasized asymmetry. Leaves, flowers, stems and stems, just as the outlines of the body of a human or animal with the inherent in them asymmetry are guide to action and source of inspiration.

Cvoim with a universal artistic number it envelopped all diverse manifestations of contemporary life - from the monumental architecture, painting, sculpture, to all forms of applied skill. It penetrated in , the theater, the dances, , mastered by the mode to the clothing, the hair-dos even was reflected in gestures and forms of the contact of people.

At the basis of style - thesis, according to which the form in the skill is more important than the content. Any most prosaic content can be represented in the highly artistic form. By source of this "new form" of steel nature and woman. Of this style are characteristic refinement, refinement, spirituality, changeability. From this followed the specific collection of colors - faded, muted; the predominance of smooth, complex lines. Collection of symbols - whimsical flowers, sea rarities, wave.

The stylistic properties of moderna sometimes compare with the plastic system the baroque, correctly perceiving between them a certain similarity in the desire of artists to use as the expressive means of the form of organic nature.

Calculated not for the museum halls, but for the existence in the daily life of the work of moderna - from the architectural construction to the jewelry articles, the posters and the congratulatory postcards - actively they invaded environment man, the ordinary consciousness of the inhabitants of this medium, not only reflecting the complex spiritual atmosphere of time, but also noticeably influencing it.

T.echn.o cv4z.an c by m.od.epn.om cimv.olizm, p.ochl.yzhivshiy by e.cht.etik.o-fil.ochof.chk.oy basis for m.od.epn.a, opi.payas' of n.a of m.od.epn of k.ak of n.a to pl.achtich.echk.yyu pealiz.aqih cv.oi.x of id.ey. All works of the epoch of moderna are the clear example of the combination of commerce and creation. During this period practiced the concept of the elite style, which, being the creation of artist, was placed on the conveyor of production, and which they attempted to make accessible to each. The accessibility of beauty occurs the slogan of time.

Modern in the architecture

The idea of the synthesis of skills pierced modern. By its basis was seen the architecture, which unites all other forms of skill - from the painting to the models of clothing.

Modern overcame the dramatic separation of "benefit" and "beauties", that was being formed in the system of the architectural the eclectics the previous decades, and it arrived at the unity of these beginnings through the aesthetical expression of its own structures, t. e. the stereo qualities of building.

According to basic concept - of building, the interior and entire situation of accomodations it had to compose the artistic united ensemble, often realized on the project of one architect or artist.

At the same time modern inherits and develops such promising principles of architectural eclectics as the formation of form "from within outside" with the free asymmetric construction of plan and volume, the purely decorative function of decor, independent of internal space.

The facades of the buildings of moderna possess in the majority of the cases dynamicity and fluidity of the forms, which are now and then approached sculptural or which resemble organic natural phenomena.

By the founder of moderna in the architecture it is customary to assume Henry by van de Vel'de. It expressed the basic tendency of style, inclination to ornamental'nosti, which not only had a function of adornment, but also it became the very essence of new skill.

Фрэнк Л. Райт
Frank L. Wright
Фрэнк Л. Райт
Frank L. Wright
Антони Гауди
Anthony Gaudi

Gimar

Olbrich

Meyson of the bits

Khoffman

Henri Sovazh

Olbrich

Frank L. Wright

Gimar

Arxitektory

Architects the artists of Russia

Эйфелева Башня (Париж)
Eyfeleva tower (Paris)

Engineering

The iron casting

Modern in the depictive skill

Огюст Роден (Поцелуй)
Auguste Roden (Potseluy)
Густав Климт (Поцелуй)
Gustav Klimt (Potseluy)

In the painting the prevailing value is obtained the panel, in the sculpture - reliefs.
For the painting of moderna is characteristic the combination of the decorative conditionality of ornamental carpet backgrounds and naturalistic tangibility of separate parts or figures, siluetnost', use of large color planes, by thinly nyuansirovannoy mono-chromium.

The creation of the synthetic, one-piece work of skill becomes the purpose of architect, artist, sculptor.

It is remarkable, that among the best representatives of this style actually there are no widely well-known artists. Modern, in contrast to the impressionism, style, first of all, is designer. It is originally directed toward privneseniye of skill to the particular life of man, in the first place, the peace of things, his surrounding.

Artists

Auguste Renoir

Maurice Deni

Ferdinand Knoff

Claude Mohn

Sculptors

  • Frantisek Bilek (Frantisec Bilek) - Czechia;
  • Roden, Auguste (Auguste Rodin), Camillus Klodel' (Camille Claudel), the aristidas Of mayol' (Aristide Maillol) - France;
  • Zh. To minne - Belgium;
  • G. Obrist - Germany.

Interior in the style of modern

Modern introduced into the design of interior fundamentally new decorative elements, giving to them preference before the design. In the finishing considerable attention is paid to the stylized plant pattern, the flexible fluid forms; also here strikes the unusual connectedness of all elements (furniture, ceramics, metal, textile) - the principle, which will become the basis of interior style.
The bends of locks, mixed with the plant forms, the female masks with the long dissolved waves of hair and so forth, etc., appear at furniture manufactured at this time. Tone of furniture either light yellow, natural or light green. Varnishing is not used, but tree is finished under wax.

Макинтош (1904)
Mackintosh (1904)

Interiors Charles Renni Mackintosh

School of skills, the glasgow

The Hill House

The Hill House

The Ladies Luncheon Room

Хоффман
Khoffman

Interiors Victor Ort

Eetvalde, Brussels

Salon Entreeb

Tassel

Луи Мажорель
Louis Mazhorel'

Design of furniture and objects of the interior

  • Mazhorel', Louis (Louis Majorelle), Halle, Emil (Emile Galle) - France;
  • Richard Rimershmid (Richard Riemerschmid) - Germany;
  • Gustave Bowie (Gustave Serrurier-Bovy), Henry van de To vel'de (Henry Van de Velde) - Belgium;
  • Sinks (Thonet), Kalman Moser (Koloman Moser) - Austria;
  • Frantisek Bilek (Frantisec Bilek) - Czechia;
  • I. A. Fomin - Russia.
Луи Мажорель
Louis Mazhorel'

Louis Mazhorel'

Kalman Moser

Louis Mazhorel'

Emil Halle

Emil Halle

Frank L. Wright

Gustave Serhr6e- Bowie

Yozef Of khoffman

Applied and machine-tool skill

Modern generally appeared in everything, to what was added the concept of design - mode, intricate adornments, furniture, dishes, vase.

Рене Лалик
Raney Lalik
Хоффман
Khoffman
Рене Лалик
Raney Lalik
Луис К. Тиффани
Louis k. Tiffani

Artistic glass-

Auguste Delaersh

Brothers the house

Emil Halle

LOETZ

Dishes, the ceramics

Арчибальд Нокс
Archibal'd Knox
  • Ted Sikorsky (Tade Sikorski & Zsolnay Vilmos (ZSOLNAY ART POTTERY) - Hungary;
  • Auguste Delaersh (Auguste Delaherche), Clement To mass'e (Clement Massier), Aleksandr Bigo (Alexandre Bigot) - France;
  • VILLEROY & BOSCH - Germany.

Vitrazhnye constructions

Jewelry matter, metal, the engraving

Georges Fouque

Georges Fouque

Georges Fouque

Raney Lalik

The publishing business

Within the framework of moderna received wide distribution book and periodical the drawing, the poster and the poster. Left unprecedented many periodicals and to revyu in the region of the skills, which propagandized the style of modern: "Jugend" in Germany, "The Studio" in England, "Van Nu an Straks" in , "Art et Decoration" in France, "Ver Sacrum" in To Vienna, the "worlds of skill" in Russia, "Juventut" in To Barcelona i, finally, "Volne srnery" in To Prague.

Генри Ван де Вельде
Van de Vel'de's henry(s)

Posters, lithograph, the advertising poster

Book illustration also of the graph

  • Beardsley, Obri Of vinsent (Aubrey Beardsley) - Great Britain;
  • Henry(s) of van de Vel'de (Van de Velde) - Belgium;
  • Teofil Aleksandr Steynlan (Theophile Alexandre Steinlen) - Switzerland;
  • Yokhan Thorn Praykker (Johan Thorn Prikker) - Holland.

Modern ended since the beginning of the First World War in 1914 to year. The crash of all positive bases of old peace and all hopes indicated the end of this style - the last attempt to save peace with the aid of the beauty.

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Cm. also

References

 

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